Purification and analysis of partially alkylated cyclodextrins by liquid and gas chromatography

Complex mixtures of partially alkylated cyclodextrins can be analyzed by both HPLC and high temperature capillary GC. Because of the limited efficiency of LC, suitable analytical and preparative separations can be achieved only with systems of carefully optimized selectivity. Using LC it has been possible to isolate and purify single cyclodextrin species from very complex mixtures of components which contain unreacted hydroxyl groups in addition to the alkoxy groups. Analysis of the reaction mixtures and of fractions taken from LC separations can be performed with advantage by high resolution capillary GC at high temperatures between 300 and 400 °C. The thermal stability of partially alkylated cyclodextrins in high temperature GC is considerably increased by trimethylsilylation of the free hydroxyl groups. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and proton NMR were used to identify species isolated from the preparative LC separations.     

What crystals of small analogs are trying to tell us about cellulose structure

The molecular geometries from crystal structures of 23 small molecules such as cellobiose were reviewed and extrapolated to give model cellulose chains. Within a given model, all monosaccharide units and their linkages are identical so the models are regular helices. Despite fairly large ranges for the glycosidic linkage torsion angles and , 29° and 57°, respectively, there is little variation in the n and h parameters of the model helices. They are extended, with h values (the advance per residue along the helix axis) of 5.04–5.27 Å. Some models were slightly right-handed, with n values up to 2.12 residues per helix turn. Left-handed models were in the majority, and their n values were as large as –2.91. These results are consistent with known structures of cellulose and its derivatives. An exception comes from a heavily derivatized cellobiose molecule. It yields right-handed helices with n 4.5 and h 3 Å. Because one half turn of this helix reverses the direction of the chain in a compact region, the linkage geometry is a model for chain-folding. Other derivatives that are unable to form the O3O5 hydrogen bond gave left-handed helices. The puckering of the glucose rings was also surveyed. A number of rings in small molecule structures are puckered to a degree that is similar to the puckering determined for methyl cellotrioside, cellotetraose, cellulose I and cellulose II.     

Heterocyclisations des hydroxy-6 methoxy-2 hexene-2 et heptene-2 oates de methyle.

Tetrahydropyran derivatives – and – are formed in good yields by cyclisation of methyl-6-hydroxy-2-hexenoate or 2-heptenoate mediated by various electrophilic reagents (mCPBA, benzeneselenyl chloride, N-bromosuccinimide, iodine). Cyclisations of Z and E isomers are stereospecific. The diastereoselectivity of cyclisation of the secondary alcohol varies with the nature of the electrophilic reagent.     

Productive chloroarene C-cl bond activation: palladium/phosphine-catalyzed methods for oxidation of alcohols and hydrodechlorination of chloroarenes

The palladium/phosphine-catalyzed productive chloroarene C-Cl bond activation provides general, efficient, and functional group friendly methods for the selective oxidation of alcohols and the hydrodechlorination of chloroarenes.     

A pseudoreceptor modelling study of the varicella-zoster virus and human thymidine kinase binding sites

Summary A representative range of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues that are known to inhibit herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication have been used to construct receptor binding site models for the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), thymidine kinase (TK) and human TK1. Given a set of interacting ligands, superimposed in such a manner as to define a pharmacophore, the pseudoreceptor modelling technique Yak provides a means of building binding site models of macromolecules for which no three-dimensional experimental structures are available. Once the models have been evaluated by their ability to reproduce experimental binding data [Vedani et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117 (1995) 4987], they can be used for predictive purposes. Calculated and experimental values of relative binding affinity are compared. Our models suggest that the substitution of one residue may be sufficient to determine ligand subtype affinity.     

A novel way to study the initial stages of soap-free emulsion polymerizations: The intercalation of polystyrene oligomers into hydrotalcite

The dominant species in the early stages of an emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of styrene has been found to be an oligomer of two to three monomer units using a novel trapping technique. This involved the intercalation of charged primary oligomers between the layers of a hydrotalcite, [Mg₄Al₂(OH)₁₂]²⁺[A]^2- (where A = dianion). Hydrotalcites are an important class of lamellar, inorganic compounds whose interlayer spacing can be mod-ified by anion exchange. Our approach first involved preparing a hydrotalcite precursor in which the layers were propped apart by an organic dianion (terephthalate = TA). This material was then used to capture the negatively charged polystyrene oligomers from the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture. We found that TA was rapidly ion-exchanged for the charged oligomers. The resulting pillared hydrotalcite material was characterized using XRD and SEC. We found that the interlayer spacing between the hydroxide layers increased to 23.2 Å on exposure to the emulsion reaction mixture. This represents an interlayer expansion of 18.3 Å (after subtraction of the hydroxide layer contribution), which is cnsistent with intercalation of oligomers with two to three monomer units arranged in a bilayer. This size estimate was confirmed by the results of size exclusion chromatography. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Enhancement of the electrochemical capacitance of TiO2 nanotube arrays through controlled phase transformation of anatase to rutile

Here, we report the fabrication of self-organized titania (TiO(2)) nanotube array supercapacitor electrodes through controlled phase transformation of TiO(2), with aerial capacitances as high as 2.6 mF cm(-2), which far exceeds the values so far reported in the literature. The role of phase transformation in the electrochemical charge-discharge behaviour of nanocrystalline TiO(2) nanotubes is investigated and discussed in detail. The ease of synthesis and the exceptional electrochemical properties make these nanotube arrays an alternative candidate for use in energy storage devices.