Semiconductor nanocrystals with multifunctional polymer ligands

In this letter, we describe the preparation of a versatile polymer ligand, which can be attached to CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals via a phase transfer reaction. The ligand is based on a chain of reactive esters, which can, in principle, be substituted by any compound containing amino-functionalities. The polymer/nanocrystal complexes are characterized in terms of structure and photostability.     

The role of ion-molecule pairs in solvolysis reactions. Nucleophilic addition of water to a tertiary allylic carbocation.

The acid-catalyzed solvolysis of 2-methoxy-2-phenyl-3-butene (1-OMe) in 9.09 vol % acetonitrile in water provides 2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-3-butene (1-OH) as the predominant product under kinetic control along with the rearranged alcohol 1-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-butene (2-OH) and a small amount of the rearranged ether 2-OMe. The more stable isomer 2-OH is the predominant product after long reaction time, K(eq) = [2-OH](eq)/[1-OH](eq) = 16. The ether 2-OMe reacts to give 2-OH and a trace of 1-OH. Solvolysis of 1-OMe in (18)O-labeled water/acetonitrile shows complete incorporation of (18)O in the product 1-OH, confirming that the reaction involves cleavage of the carbon-oxygen bond to the allylic carbon. A completely solvent-equilibrated allylic carbocation is not formed since the solvolysis of the corresponding chloride 1-chloro-3-phenyl-2-butene (2-Cl) yields a larger fraction of 1-OH. This may be attributed to a shielding effect from the chloride leaving group. Quantum chemical calculations of the geometry and charge distribution show that the cation should rather be described as a vinyl-substituted benzyl cation than as an allyl cation, which is in accord with its higher reactivity at the tertiary carbon.     

Abbau von teilweise hydriertem Polybutadien durch Olefin-Metathese

Zusammenfassung Teilweise hydriertes 1,4-Polybutadien wird durch eine Olefin-Metathese mit 4-Octen abgebaut. Die Abbauprodukte werden als Gemische massenspektrometrisch identifiziert.

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Summary Partially hydrogenated 1,4-polybutadiene is degraded by an olefin metathesis with 4-octene. The degradation products are identified as mixtures by means of mass spectrometry.

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Mit 1 Abbildung     

Reaktionen der Glucuronsäure, 4. Mitt.

Zusammenfassung Methyl--d-glucuron (Ia), Methyl--d-glucuron (IIa) und 1,2-Isopropyliden--d-glucuron (IIIa) wurden bei der Umsetzung mit Kohlensäurebenzylesterchlorid oder Kohlensäureäthylesterchlorid mit bemerkenswert verschiedener Geschwindigkeit acyliert. Bei den so erhaltenen Carbäthoxy- und Carbobenzoxy-derivaten trat im Gegensatz zu den entsprechenden Acetyl- und Benzoyl-derivaten unter den Bedingungen der Lactonringammonolyse keine Acylwanderung ein. Das unterschiedliche Verhalten der Glucuronsäurelactone wird als Folge unterschiedlicher Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen und Lactonringstabilitäten gedeutet.

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Reactions of glucuronic acid, IV: Syntheses with alkyl chloroformates

Acetyl and benzoyl derivatives of 1.2-isopropylidene-- and methyl- (and )-d-glucurone, resp., undergo acyl migration under the conditions of lactone ammonolysis. Using benzyl- and ethyl chloroformates remarkable differences in acylation rates with various glucuronic acid lactones were observed. The carbethoxy-and carbobenzoxy derivatives thus obtained show no tendency to rearrange under ammonolysis conditions. The results are interpreted as being due to hydrogen bonding and varying lactone ring stabilities.

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Mit 1 Abbildung

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Herrn Prof. Dr.O. Hromatka zum 65 Geburtstag in herzlicher Kollegialität gewidmet.

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Auszug aus der DissertationK. Dax, Technische Hochschule in Graz, 1970.

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3. Mitt.:H. Weidmann, E. Stieger undH. Schwarz Mh. Chem.101, 871 (1970).     

A mass spectrometric study of substituted furfuryl compounds

The mass spectra of six furfuryl compounds — namely, furfuryl alcohol, 5-furfuryl-furfuryl alcohol, difurfuryl ether, difurylmethane, 2,5-difurfurylfuran, and 4-furfuryl-2-pentenoic acid-γ-lactone — have been studied. Their fragmentation mechanisms are discussed in detail with particular emphasis on the modes that lead to the formation of aromatic fragments. The majority of the fragment ions are formed by elimination of CO and C₂H₂ from even-electron precursor ions and HCO from odd-electron precursor ions. Molecules containing two furan rings linked by a methylene group give mass spectra that exhibit large abundances of aromatic fragment ions.     

7-Substituted 8-vinyl-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-diones and their broncholytic activity

Summary Alkylation of 8-vinyl-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione (1) with alkyl halides inDMF in the presence of potassium carbonate, or alternatively, alkylation of its sodium salt (2) with alkyl iodide or hydroxyalkyl iodide afforded the 7-alkyl- or 7-(-hydroxyalkyl)-8-vinyl-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-diones3. 2-Substituted oxiranes reacted with1 catalyzed by2 or Triton B to yield 7-(2-hydroxyalkyl)-8-vinyl-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-diones4. Compounds3 and4 were tested for broncholytic activity. The most effective derivatives were3c and4b.

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7-Substituierte 8-Vinyl-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purin-2,6-dione und ihre broncholytische Wirkung

Zusammenfassung Alkylierung von 8-Vinyl-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purin-2,6-dion (1) mit Halogenalkanen in Gegenwart von Kaliumkarbonat inDMF oder Alkylierung seines Natrium-Salzes (2) mit Iodalkanen beziehungsweise Iodalkanolen führte zu den 7-Alkyl- bzw. 7-(-Hydroxyalkyl)-8-vinyl-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purin-2,6-dionen3. 2-Substituierte Oxirane reagierten mit Verbindung1 unter Katalyse durch2 oder Triton B zu den entsprechenden 7-(2-Hydroxyalkyl)-derivaten4. Die Substanzen3 und4 wurden auf ihre broncholytische Wirkung geprüft. Die höchste Aktivität wurde bei den Derivaten3c und4b festgestellt.

     

High-precision calculation of Hartree-Fock energy of crystals

When using quantum chemistry techniques to calculate the energetics of bulk crystals, there is a need to calculate the Hartree-Fock (HF) energy of the crystal at the basis-set limit. We describe a strategy for achieving this, which exploits the fact that the HF energy of crystals can now be calculated using pseudopotentials and plane-wave basis sets, an approach that permits basis-set convergence to arbitrary precision. The errors due to the use of pseudopotentials are then computed from the difference of all-electron and pseudopotential total energies of atomic clusters, extrapolated to the bulk-crystal limit. The strategy is tested for the case of the LiH crystal, and it is shown that the HF cohesive energy can be converged with respect to all technical parameters to a precision approaching 0.1 mE(h) per atom. This cohesive energy and the resulting HF value of the equilibrium lattice parameter are compared with literature values obtained using Gaussian basis sets.     

A trace theorem for the Dirichlet form on the Sierpinski gasket

In connection with the theory for Brownian motion on fractals, a corresponding Dirichlet form has been defined. We consider here the fractal known as the Sierpinski gasket, and characterize the trace of the domain of the Dirichlet form to the boundary of the gasket, boundary in this context meaning the triangle which confines the gasket.