全文获取类型
收费全文 | 33228篇 |
免费 | 9547篇 |
国内免费 | 1387篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 39687篇 |
晶体学 | 308篇 |
力学 | 412篇 |
数学 | 1755篇 |
物理学 | 2000篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 1篇 |
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 136篇 |
2020年 | 1206篇 |
2019年 | 2561篇 |
2018年 | 991篇 |
2017年 | 628篇 |
2016年 | 3335篇 |
2015年 | 3492篇 |
2014年 | 3386篇 |
2013年 | 3967篇 |
2012年 | 2816篇 |
2011年 | 2009篇 |
2010年 | 2761篇 |
2009年 | 2734篇 |
2008年 | 2233篇 |
2007年 | 1621篇 |
2006年 | 1321篇 |
2005年 | 1512篇 |
2004年 | 1328篇 |
2003年 | 1232篇 |
2002年 | 1926篇 |
2001年 | 1325篇 |
2000年 | 1245篇 |
1999年 | 335篇 |
1998年 | 26篇 |
1997年 | 20篇 |
1996年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1928年 | 1篇 |
1906年 | 1篇 |
1888年 | 1篇 |
1886年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 444 毫秒
281.
Dirk Lützenkirchen‐Hecht Kay Rohrmann Thomas Stöcker Wolfgang Thiel 《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2007,39(11):845-851
Different ink‐jet printed paper materials were investigated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) yielding the elemental composition of the near‐surface region of the papers. We found significant differences with respect to the detected elements and their atomic concentrations in the different inks studied here. Two different groups of inks could be identified by means of a lower ratio of the O and C atomic concentrations and lower concentrations in specific trace elements like Mg, Na and Si. High‐resolution spectra of C 1s and O 1s core levels allowed a detailed determination of the chemical state of the respective elements. On the basis of a detailed deconvolution of these XPS signals, significant differences between all the investigated ink‐jet printed papers were found, thereby allowing their discrimination. The applicability of the measurements and, more generally, the XPS technique for forensic investigations of paper are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
282.
Nanoscale organization of the pathogen receptor DC-SIGN mapped by single-molecule high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Bärbel I. de Bakker Dr. Frank de Lange Dr. Alessandra Cambi Dr. Jeroen P. Korterik Erik M. H. P. van Dijk Dr. Niek F. van Hulst Prof. Carl G. Figdor Prof. Maria F. Garcia‐Parajo Prof. 《Chemphyschem》2007,8(10):1473-1480
DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin exclusively expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), plays an important role in pathogen recognition by binding with high affinity to a large variety of microorganisms. Recent experimental evidence points to a direct relation between the function of DC-SIGN as a viral receptor and its spatial arrangement on the plasma membrane. We have investigated the nanoscale organization of fluorescently labeled DC-SIGN on intact isolated DCs by means of near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) combined with single-molecule detection. Fluorescence spots of different intensity and size have been directly visualized by optical means with a spatial resolution of less than 100 nm. Intensity- and size-distribution histograms of the DC-SIGN fluorescent spots confirm that approximately 80 % of the receptors are organized in nanosized domains randomly distributed on the cell membrane. Intensity-size correlation analysis revealed remarkable heterogeneity in the molecular packing density of the domains. Furthermore, we have mapped the intermolecular organization within a dense cluster by means of sequential NSOM imaging combined with discrete single-molecule photobleaching. In this way we have determined the spatial coordinates of 13 different individual dyes, with a localization accuracy of 6 nm. Our experimental observations are all consistent with an arrangement of DC-SIGN designed to maximize its chances of binding to a wide range of microorganisms. Our data also illustrate the potential of NSOM as an ultrasensitive, high-resolution technique to probe nanometer-scale organization of molecules on the cell membrane. 相似文献
283.
The heteropolytungstate (NH4)21{La(H2O)5[Ni(H2O)]2As4W40O140}·53H2O is obtained by the reaction of Na27[NaAs4W40O140]· 60H2O with NiCl2·6H2O, La(NO3)3·6H2O and NH4Cl at pH‐4.5. The structure and chemical composition are determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis and elemental analysis. The crystal data and main structure refinement are a = 1.9551(3) nm, b = 2.4156(4) nm, c= 3.7068(6) nm, β = 91.505(3)°, V = 17.500 (5) nm3, monoclinic crystal system with space group P21/n, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0573, wR2 = 0.0717 [I >2<s?(I)], R1, = 0.2463 and wR2 = 0.1199 (all data). [La(H2O)5] {Ni(H2O)}2AS4W40O140 has C2, symmetry. IR spectra of the ligand [NaAs4W40O140]27‐ and its three complexes were discussed. 相似文献
284.
Toluene was methylated with methanol and disproportionated using catalysts containing different Pt contents (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%) supported on H‐ZSM‐5 or H‐mordenite (H‐M) zeolites in a fixed‐bed flow‐reactor operated atmospherically at temperatures of 300–500 °C in a flow of hydrogen. Platinum dispersion in the zeolite supports and acid sites strength distribution were evaluated using hydrogen chemisorption (1:1 stoichiometry) and ammonia temperature programmed desorption (TPD) in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Toluene methylation was much faster on all catalysts than toluene disproportionation (DISP). Both reactions were more accelerated using H‐ZSM‐5 containing catalysts than H‐M containing catalysts. The yield of xylenes, and in particular para‐xylene, was significantly influenced by the yield of trimethylbenzenes (TMBs) in product. The selectivities for para‐, ortho‐ and meta‐xylenes production were found largely dependent on the Pt content in the catalysts, particularly when supported on H‐ZSM5‐zeolite. However, using Pt/H‐M catalysts, these selectivities were not strictly controlled by Pt content in the catalysts. 相似文献
285.
286.
Rong‐Min Wang Nai‐Pu He Yu‐Feng He Yun‐Tao Xie Yun‐Pu Wang Eishun Tsuchida 《先进技术聚合物》2005,16(8):638-641
Water‐soluble low molecular weight chitosan of nanometer level and its copper complexes were prepared, and characterized by IR spectra, elemental analysis and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The modes and mechanism of these copper complexes interaction with DNA were studied by a fluorescent probe method and electrophoresis analysis. It is suggested that there are electrostatic and intercalation modes of copper complexes interacting with DNA. At first, the cationic complex electrostaticly binds to the negatively charged phosphate backbone of DNA, and then a portion of the complex intercalates between the base pairs on the DNA duplex strand. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
287.
Jun Fan Wei‐Guang Zhang Min‐Yu Tan Yu Tang Wei‐Sheng Liu Ning Tang Kai‐Bei Yu 《中国化学》2004,22(6):508-511
The La(III) complex with a new amide‐type tripodal ligand,2,2′.2″‐nitrilotris{[(2′‐benzylaminofomyl)‐phenoxylethyl)amine (L), was synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Crystal data: C48H55.50LaN7O18.75, Mr=1169.40, monoclinic. space group, P21/n, a= 1.0644(3) nm. b=2.3889(5) nm, c= 2.1917(5) nm, β=90.65°, V=5.573(2) nm3, Z=1, Dc=1.394 g°cm?3, R1=0.0487, wR [1>2s?(I)]=0.1266. The results reveal that each La(III) ion binds to 9 oxygen atoms, three of which belong to carbonyl groups from three tripodal ligands and six to three bidentate nitrate groups and a two‐dimensional sheet of 4.82 networks is assembled by metal‐ligand coordination interaction. L, a heptadentate compound, merely acts as a tridentate bridging spacer due to its steric hindrance and links the La(III) ions as three‐connected nodes. 相似文献
288.
Hung‐Chuan Cheng Li‐Tang Wang Ashraf Taha Khalil Yao‐To Chang Yu‐Chi Lin Ya‐Ching Shen 《中国化学会会志》2004,51(2):431-435
Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Calophyllum inophyllum resulted in the isolation of a new dipyrenoxanthone, calophinone ( 1 ), together with four related xanthones ( 2–5 ). Identification of the isolated compounds was achieved through intensive studies of their spectral data, especially 2D NMR. 相似文献
289.
A new fluorescent compound based on calix[4] arene skeleton was synthesized.Its complexation ability with transition metal ions,such as Fe^3 ,Co^2 ,Ni^2 ,Cu^2 ,Zn^2 and Ag^ ,Was investigated by UV-vis and fluorescent spectra. 相似文献
290.
R. Cabrera‐Trujillo J. R. Sabin Y.
hrn E. Deumens 《International journal of quantum chemistry》2003,94(4):215-221
Under certain collision conditions, a swift ion projectile colliding with a target will gain rather than lose kinetic energy, contrary to the standard conception of stopping power. In this work, we consider the conditions for such a collision such that the energy loss is negative, that is, that there will be projectile kinetic energy gain. In particular, for a target initially in the ground state we find that the projectile gains kinetic energy only when charge exchange and de‐excitation processes are involved. This occurs when the electron affinity of the projectile is larger than the ionization potential of the target. Consequences of this effect are analyzed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 94: 215–221, 2003 相似文献