Preparation of polar phase coated open tubular columns for steroid analysis

Summary Open tubular columns made of soda glass may be successfully coated with polar stationary phases after etching with dry HCl. Such columns are useful in difficult separations of steroids and their subsequent identification.     

Reaction of Tetracopper(I)-Phosphonitocavitand with PhSeSiMe3: Synthesis and Structure of a Polyanionic Cluster [pyH]6[(CuCl)9(μ3-SePh)5(μ4-SePh)]

Treatment of tetracopper(I)-phosphonitocavitand [1·Cu₄(μ-Cl)₄(μ₄-Cl)] (2) (1 = tetraphosphonitocavitand [rccc-2,8,14,20-tetrakis-(iso-butyl)-phosphonitocavitand (C₄₄H₄₈O₈P₄Ph₄)]) with PhSeSiMe₃ in THF at low temperature afforded a novel polyanionic cluster [pyH]₆[(CuCl)₉(μ₃-SePh)₅(μ₄-SePh)] (4) as a major product along with a new tetracopper(I)-phosphonitocavitand (3) with a centered μ₃-Cl. Molecular structure of anionic cluster in 4 consists of six PhSe⁻ bridging ligands containing five μ₃-SePh and one exceptional μ₄-SePh bridging nine copper atoms, of which eight copper atoms have trigonal coordination geometry and the other has distorted tetrahedral geometry. Dedicated to Professor Han-Qin Liu on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

Biomimetic cycloaddition approach to tropolone natural products via a tropolone ortho-quinone methide

[reaction: see text] A study toward a possible biomimetic hetero Diels-Alder reaction is reported between humulene and a novel tropolone ortho-quinone methide. A suitable tropolone ortho-quinone methide precursor has been prepared from 3-methyl-2-furoate. Heating the ortho-quinone methide precursor gave a tropolone ortho-quinone methide, which in the presence of humulene underwent a hetero Diels-Alder reaction to give a deoxy analogue of epolone B.     

Evidence for facile atropisomerism and simple (non-nucleophilic) biradical-forming cycloaromatization within kedarcidin chromophore aglycon

The kinetics and thermodynamics of atropisomerism within the protected kedarcidin chromophore aglycon 8, as well as a series of ansa-bridged synthetic intermediates leading to 8, were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The data show that the ratio of atropisomeric forms of chloropyridine-bridged ansa intermediates is subject to wide variation with seemingly subtle structural variation. The vinyl bromide 4, for example, in the first X-ray structure determination of a kedarcidin ansa-bridged system, was found to exist as a single atropisomer in the solid state, but a nearly equal mixture (K = 0.70) of isomers in solution (t1/2 for isomer interconversion approximately 0.2 s at 20 degrees C). The aglycon 8, a 2.2:1 mixture of atropisomers, was found to undergo direct unimolecular biradical-forming cycloaromatization at ambient temperature in a mixture of 1,4-cyclohexadiene-benzene, without nucleophilic activation. The product 9 was formed as a single atropisomer (k = 2 x 10-4 s-1, t1/2 = 58 min, 81% yield), suggesting that the rate of atropisomerism within 8 is rapid with respect to cycloaromatization. The rate of cycloaromatization of 8 was found to be highly solvent-dependent, being more rapid in the presence of a good hydrogen-atom donor, consistent with the earlier model studies of Hirama et al. that showed that certain nine-membered cyclic (Z)-enediynes may equilibrate with their biradical cycloaromatization products. Incubation of 8 with beta-mercaptoethanol, under conditions mimicking experiments leading to DNA cleavage with kedarcidin, showed no evidence for nucleophilic activation. The product of direct cycloaromatization (9) was isolated instead. The evidence suggests that kedarcidin, like the enediyne agent C-1027, is capable of spontaneous thermal biradical formation without prior chemical activation.     

Studies directed toward the total synthesis of discodermolide: asymmetric synthesis of the C1-C14 fragment

[structure: see text] A convergent and stereoselective assembly of the C1-C14 subunit of marine natural product (+)-discodermolide has been completed. The approach employs chiral allylsilane bond construction methodology to establish four of the eight stereogenic centers. Key fragment coupling is achieved via an efficient stereoselective acetate aldol reaction between C1-C6 and C7-C14 subunits.     

Rational principles of compound selection for combinatorial library design

It is practically impossible in a short period of time to synthesize and test all compounds in any large exhaustive chemical library. We discuss rational approaches to selecting representative subsets of virtual libraries that help direct experimental synthetic efforts for both targeted and diverse library design. For targeted library design, we consider principles based on the similarity to lead molecules. In the case of diverse library design, we discuss algorithms aimed at the selection of both diverse and representative subsets of the entire chemical library space. We illustrate methodologies with several practical examples.     

Die logarithmischen Geschwindigkeitsgleichungen und die Kinetik der Chemisorption

Zusammenfassung Eine logarithmische Geschwindigkeitsgleichung für Chemisorption wird abgeleitet und ihre begrenzte Gültigkeit erläutert. Die umfangreiche Anwendbarkeit, dieTaylor undThon ¹ der logarithmischen Gleichung zuschreiben, wird überprüft und es ergibt sich, daß diese Gleichung nur eine annähernde und begrenzte Gültigkeit und Anwendbarkeit im Gebiete der Chemisorption von Gasen an Festkörperoberflächen besitzt.Bei manchen Adsorptionsvorgängen dürfte sich der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Mechanismus im Laufe des Versuchsgeschehens ändern. Diesem Einfluß müßte aber Rechnung getragen werden, wenn Geschwindigkeitsgleichungen abzuleiten sind.Mit 2 Abbildungen     

Regiospecific synthesis of 11-desoxyanthracycline antibiotics starting with aloe-emodin

The regiospecific synthesis of an established 11-desoxyanthracycline synthon ($\text{8b}$) from aloe-emodin ($\text{3a}$) is described.     

The Effect of Alkane Chain Length on the Liquid–Liquid Critical Temperatures of Oligostyrene/Linear-Alkane Mixtures

Summary. Upper critical solution temperatures (UCSTs) for liquid–liquid demixing in a set of mixtures of linear alkanes (pentane (N ₁=5) to pentacontane (N ₁=50)) with an oligostyrene (1241amu, N ₂=12) are reported. We find strong correlation between the Hildebrand solubility parameters of the alkanes and the UCST. Correlations are developed which enable predictions concerning the miscibility of mixtures of compounds with longer chains.     

Aquachlorobis[4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐2‐(2‐pyridyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide‐κ2O1,N2]nickel(II) nitrate methanol disolvate monohydrate

The title complex, [NiCl(C₁₂H₁₆N₃O₂)₂(H₂O)]NO₃·2CH₄O·H₂O, was obtained from a methano­lic solution of Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, 2‐pyridyl nitro­nyl nitro­xide (2‐NITpy) and (NEt₄)₂[CoCl₄]. The equatorial coordination sites of the octahedral Ni^II centre are occupied by two chelating radical ligands, with the axial positions occupied by the Cl^? and water ligands. The H₂O—Ni—Cl axis of the complex lies along a crystallographic twofold axis, so that only half the cation is present in the asymmetric unit. The Ni—Cl bond length [2.3614 (17) Å] is significantly shorter than distances typical of octahedral Ni^II centres [2.441 (5) Å]. However, with only one nitrate anion per formula unit, the oxidation state of the metal must be assigned as Ni^II. The 2‐NITpy ligands bend away from the equatorial plane, forming a hydro­phobic region around the Cl atoms. Conversely, the ligated water mol­ecule forms moderately strong hydrogen bonds with the disordered methanol solvent mol­ecules, which in turn form interactions with the water of crystallization and the disordered nitrate anion. These interactions combine to give hydro­philic regions throughout the crystal structure.