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951.
Zelikin AN Trukhanova ES Putnam D Izumrudov VA Litmanovich AA 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2003,125(45):13693-13699
The physicochemical characteristics of a nonviral gene delivery system will govern its functional bioactivity; however, empiricism dominates the literature in this field, and a significant deficiency of quantitative investigation and evaluation of nonviral gene delivery vehicles remains. Herein, we derive a physical model and experimental method to quantitatively determine the binding constants between a model polycationic nonviral gene delivery vehicle poly-L-histidine (PLH) and calf thymus DNA. The approach has utility to a variety of systems and is not limited to the described polymer model. The interaction of PLH with DNA was monitored by fluorescence quenching of an ethidium bromide probe in the pH range 4 to 8. The interaction increased with pH decrease with the most pronounced change between pH 6 and 7. The obtained pH-dependence of fraction of salt bonds formed between PLH and DNA was used to estimate pK(a) of PLH in the presence of DNA, which equaled 6.24. The interaction of PLH with DNA in the presence of added synthetic polyanions was studied by the same approach and found to be controlled by pH, nature of the charge groups of the polyanion, and its degree of polymerization. In the mixture with sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) the interaction was negligible in the whole studied pH range, whereas in the mixtures with sodium poly(acrylate) (PA) or sodium poly(methacrylate), DNA was able to compete effectively for the binding with PLH. For PA samples with degree of polymerization higher than degree of polymerization of PLH, DP(PA) > DP(PLH), the fraction of polycation bound to DNA was constant regardless of DP(PA.) In contrast, at DP(PA) < DP(PLH), a pronounced increase in the bound fraction was observed. It substantiates the notion that the binding energy of two polymers is mainly controlled by the DP of the shorter component of polyelectrolyte complex. The data on PLH distribution between DNA and added polyanion with different values of DP were treated according to the developed procedure to yield the effective binding constants of PLH with DNA and polyanion-competitor, calculated both per mole of interacting units K(1) and mole of interacting chains K(n). In all cases, K(1) had similar numerical values reflecting common type of interaction stabilizing the complexes, i.e., electrostatics. Slight variation of K(1) yielded in drastic changes in K(n) and alteration of dominance of PLH interaction with DNA or synthetic polyanion. The results of the study can have a high impact in deriving the correlation between the binding constant of a polycation to DNA and its ability to serve as gene delivery vehicle. 相似文献
952.
953.
Sukstanskii AL Yablonskiy DA 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2003,163(2):236-247
A detailed theoretical analysis of the free induction decay (FID) and spin echo (SE) MR signal formation in the presence of mesoscopic structure-specific magnetic field inhomogeneities is developed in the framework of the Gaussian phase distribution approximation. The theory takes into account diffusion of nuclear spins in inhomogeneous magnetic fields created by arbitrarily shaped magnetized objects with permeable boundaries. In the short-time limit the FID signal decays quadratically with time and depends on the objects' geometry only through the volume fraction, whereas the SE signal decays as 5/2 power of time with the coefficient depending on both the volume fraction of the magnetized objects and their surface-to-volume ratio. In the motional narrowing regime, the FID and SE signals for objects of finite size decay mono-exponentially; a simple general expression is obtained for the relaxation rate constant deltaR2. In the case of infinitely long cylinders in the motional narrowing regime the theory predicts non-exponential signal decay lnS approximately -tlnt in accordance with previous results. For specific geometries of the objects (spheres and infinitely long cylinders) exact analytical expressions for the FID and SE signals are given. The theory can be applied, for instance, to biological systems where mesoscopic magnetic field inhomogeneities are induced by deoxygenated red blood cells, capillary network, contrast agents, etc. 相似文献
954.
Gady Kozma Alexander Olevskii 《Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society》2003,131(6):1901-1906
We show that the spectra of frequencies obtained by random perturbations of the integers allows one to represent any measurable function on by an almost everywhere converging sum of harmonics:
955.
956.
Chung P Ajitanand NN Alexander JM Anderson M Best D Brady FP Case T Caskey W Cebra D Chance JL Cole B Crowe K Das A Draper JE Gilkes ML Gushue S Heffner M Hirsch AS Hjort EL Huo L Justice M Kaplan M Keane D Kintner JC Klay J Krofcheck D Lacey RA Lauret J Lisa MA Liu H Liu YM McGrath R Milosevich Z Odyniec G Olson DL Panitkin SY Pinkenburg C Porile NT Rai G Ritter HG Romero JL Scharenberg R Schroeder L Srivastava B Stone NT Symons TJ Wienold T Witt R Whitfield J Wood L Zhang WN;E Collaboration 《Physical review letters》2001,86(12):2533-2536
Directed flow measurements for Lambda hyperons are presented and compared to those for protons produced in the same Au+Au collisions (2A, 4A, and 6A GeV; b<5-6 fm). The measurements indicate that Lambda hyperons flow consistently in the same direction but with smaller magnitudes. A strong positive flow [for Lambdas] has been predicted in calculations which include the influence of the Lambda-nucleon potential. The experimental flow ratio Lambda/p is in qualitative agreement with expectations (approximately 2/3) from the quark counting rule at 2A GeV but is found to decrease with increasing beam energy. 相似文献
957.
We consider a mathematical formulation of the problem of protein production during segment determination in the Drosophila blastoderm, together with some preliminary results of its analytical study. We reformulate the spatial difference equations as a set of nonlinear partial differential equations and obtain their dimensionless form in the continuum limit. Using previous results obtained by the gene circuit method, we find an asymptotic statement of the problem with a small parameter. Some results of the comparison method applied to the model are obtained, and exact stationary upper solutions are derived. They exhibit distinctive features of localized bell-shaped structures. (c) 2001 American Institute of Physics. 相似文献
958.
Klein W Gould H Tobochnik J Alexander FJ Anghel M Johnson G 《Physical review letters》2000,85(6):1270-1273
We show that the structure of the fluctuations close to spinodals and mean-field critical points is qualitatively different from the structure close to non-mean-field critical points. This difference has important implications for many areas including the formation of glasses in supercooled liquids. In particular, the divergence of the measured static structure function in near-mean-field systems close to the glass transition is suppressed relative to the mean-field prediction in systems for which a spatial symmetry is broken. 相似文献
959.
Feudel U Neiman A Pei X Wojtenek W Braun H Huber M Moss F 《Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)》2000,10(1):231-239
We study global bifurcations of the chaotic attractor in a modified Hodgkin-Huxley model of thermally sensitive neurons. The control parameter for this model is the temperature. The chaotic behavior is realized over a wide range of temperatures and is visualized using interspike intervals. We observe an abrupt increase of the interspike intervals in a certain temperature region. We identify this as a homoclinic bifurcation of a saddle-focus fixed point which is embedded in the chaotic attractors. The transition is accompanied by intermittency, which obeys a universal scaling law for the average length of trajectory segments exhibiting only short interspike intervals with the distance from the onset of intermittency. We also present experimental results of interspike interval measurements taken from the crayfish caudal photoreceptor, which qualitatively demonstrate the same bifurcation structure. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics. 相似文献
960.
Smith JG Alexander JP Baker R Bebek C Berger BE Berkelman K Blanc F Boisvert V Cassel DG Dickson M Drell PS Ecklund KM Ehrlich R Foland AD Gaidarev P Gibbons L Gittelman B Gray SW Hartill DL Heltsley BK Hopman PI Jones CD Kreinick DL Lohner M Magerkurth A Meyer TO 《Physical review letters》2000,84(7):1393-1397
We present the first observation of the decay B-->J/psistraight phiK. Using 9.6x10(6) B&Bmacr; meson pairs collected with the CLEO detector, we have observed ten fully reconstructed B-->J/psistraight phiK candidates, whereas the estimated background is 0.5+/-0.2 event. We obtain a branching fraction of B(B-->J/psistraight phiK) = (8. 8(+3.5)(-3.0)[stat]+/-1.3[syst])x10(-5). This is the first observed B meson decay requiring the creation of an additional s&smacr; quark pair. 相似文献