Thermal degradation of copolymers of styrene and methyl-vinyl-silane by pyrolysis gas chromatography

Pyrolysis gas chromatographic investigations have been carried out on copolymers of styrene with trimethyl-vinyl-silane and of styrene with dimethyl-phenyl-vinyl-silane, in order to study the mechansims of thermal degradation and the copolymer structures. We have identified the pyrolysis products and measured their relative amounts. The experiments show that the controlling factor in the mechanism of the degradation is the nature of the side-group attached to the carbon atom at which chain scission occurs. If this side-group is phenyl, the main degradation process is depropagation; if it is if it is trimethyl-silyl or dimethyl-phenyl-silyl, intramolecular hydrogen abstraction followed by β scission becomes more important than depropagation. From the point of view of degradation mechanism, the nature of the side-group attached to the carbon atom from which the hydrogen is abstracted is of minor importance.We estimated the average copolymer block length from the amounts of products containing both comonomers as well as from the amounts of trimer composed of the same monomer.     

Approximation by Nörlund means of double fourier series to continuous functions in two variables

We study the rate of uniform approximation by Nörlund means of the rectangular partial sums of double Fourier series of continuous functionsf(x, y), 2π-periodic in each variable. The results are given in terms of the modulus of symmetric smoothness defined by $$\begin{gathered} \omega _2 \left( {f,\delta _1 ,\delta _2 } \right) = \mathop {\sup }\limits_{x,y} \mathop {\sup }\limits_{\left| u \right| \leqslant \delta _1 ,\left| v \right| \leqslant \delta _2 } \left| {f\left( {x + u,y + v} \right)} \right. + f\left( {x + u,y - v} \right) + f\left( {x - u,y + v} \right) \hfill \\ + \left. {f\left( {x - u,y - v} \right) + 4f\left( {x,y} \right)} \right| for \delta _1 ,\delta _2 \geqslant 0. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ As a special case we obtain the rate of uniform approximation to functionsf(x,y) in Lip({α, β}), the Lipschitz class, and inZ({α, β}), the Zygmund class of ordersα andβ, 0<α,β ≤ l, as well as the rate of uniform approximation to the conjugate functions \(\tilde f^{(1,0)} (x,y), \tilde f^{(0,1)} (x,y)\) and \(\tilde f^{(1,1)} (x,y)\) .     

Problems and results on additive properties of general sequences,V

A very special case of one of the theorems of the authors states as follows: Let 1a ₁a ₂... be an infinite sequence of integers for which all the sumsa _i +a _j , 1ij, are distinct. Then there are infinitely many integersk for which 2k can be represented in the forma _i +a _j but 2k+1 cannot be represented in this form. Several unsolved problems are stated.Dedicated to our friend Professor E. Hlawka on the occasion of his seventieth birthday     

Additive functions

1<q<2 L:= _n=1 1/q ⁿ=1/q–1. [0,1] _n()=1, A _n:= _i=1 ^n–1 _i(x)/q^i+1/n x _n(x)=0, _n>. , = _{n=1 n}(x)/qⁿ. F: [0,L]R , F(x)= _{n=1 n}(x)a_n, _n=1 ¦a _n¦<. [0,L]. q(1,2), . , q(1, 2), . .     

Separation and determination of volatile compounds in synthetic wine samples by gas chromatography using UV-visible molecular absorption spectrometry as detector

This paper shows the separation and determination of eight compounds containing the OH group (ethanol, pentanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, hexanol, phenol, benzyl-alcohol, phenylethanol and geraniol) in synthetic wine by gas chromatography using UV-Vis molecular absorption spectrometry as detection system. All the parameters affecting the separation and determination were optimised using some methods of experiment design. The analytical characteristics of each compound were calculated and detection limits ranging from 2.3 to 74 mg l(-1) have been obtained.     

Thermodynamic properties of ternary semiconducting alloys

Using the new information supplied by extended-x-ray-absorption-fine-structure measurements and the results of our structural model, we compute the bond probability of a few ternary semiconducting III–V and II–VI alloys as a function of temperature and composition in the framework of a modified quasi-chemical approximation. We derive the thermodynamic functions of mixing, considering both elastic and chemical contributions to the bond energies. We examine how the deviation from the full randomness affects the ordering of such alloys and we construct the phase diagrams in the region of phase separation. Possible formation of ordered compounds at low temperatures is predicted.     

Determination of lithium in human serum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

An efficient method was developed for the determination of nanogram levels of lithium in biological samples. Serum samples from human subjects from southeastern Spain, treated or not treated with lithium carbonate, were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The samples were previously treated with a matrix modifier consisting of 0.1% Triton X-100 and injected through a graphite tube with L'vov platform. The Li concentrations measured by the procedure described for the 3 certified reference samples used were not significantly different (p > 0.05) than certified levels. Sample recoveries and variability during several days, with coefficients of variation from 4.00 to 14.8%, demonstrated the reliability and accuracy of this technique. Mean Li concentration determined in the serum of individuals with psychiatric disorders treated with Li (n = 117, 5.077 +/- 1.795 microg Li/mL) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that in individuals not treated with Li (n = 24, 1.902 +/- 2.054 ng Li/mL).