THE CONTROL OF METABOLISM BY BLUE LIGHT IN Acetabularia mediterranea—II. SELECTIVE TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL AND DIFFERENTIAL DEGRADATION OF ENZYMES

Abstract— During prolonged continuous irradiation with red light the specific activity of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) pyrophosphorylase (uridine 5'-triphosphate: glucose 1-phosphate uridylyl-transferase EC 2.7.7.9) decreased in Acetabularia mediterranea Lamouroux (=A. acetabulum (L.) Silva). Subsequent blue light restored the original activity within a comparatively short period of 3 to 4 days. Computer-aided quantitative evaluation of density labelling experiments showed that the synthesis of the enzyme was accelerated about four-fold during the period of activation by blue light. A similar increase in the rate of synthesis was found for hydroxypyruvate reductase (EC 1.1.1.81), a control enzyme that showed no blue light-dependent changes in the specific activity under these conditions. The increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis was caused by an overall stimulation of the cytosolic translation. Degradation of UDPG pyrophosphorylase was unaffected by blue light, while the half life of hydroxypyruvate reductase was shortened about two-fold compared to continuous red light. Thus, degradation of proteins appears to be selectively light dependent in Acetabularia.
Model calculations for enzyme amount and enzyme synthesis were carried out using the measurements of enzyme activity, rates of cytosolic protein synthesis, and degradation constants of the enzymes. Assuming that activities represented amounts of the given enzymes, these calculations indicated a selective activation of UDPG pyrophosphorylase synthesis by blue light since it did not coincide with the overall stimulation of protein synthesis in the cytosol, in contrast to hydroxypyruvate reductase.     

Ultrafast energy-electron transfer cascade in a multichromophoric light-harvesting molecular square

A molecular square with dimensions of about 4 nm, incorporating sixteen pyrene chromophores attached to four ditopic bay-functionalized perylene bisimide chromophores, has been synthesized by coordination to four Pt(II) phosphine corner units and fully characterized via NMR spectroscopy and ESI-FTICR mass spectrometry. Steady-state and time-resolved emission as well as femtosecond transient absorption studies reveal the presence of a highly efficient (>90%) and fast photoinduced energy transfer (k(en) approximately equal to 5.0 x 10(9) s(-1)) from the pyrene to the perylene bisimide chromophores and a very fast and efficient electron transfer (>94%, k(et) approximately equal to 5 x 10(11) up to 43 x 10(11) s(-1)). Spectrotemporal parametrization indicates upper excited-state electron-transfer processes, various energy and electron-transfer pathways, and chromophoric heterogeneity. Temperature-dependent time-resolved emission spectroscopy has shown that the acceptor emission lifetime increases with decreasing temperature from which an electron-transfer barrier is obtained. The extremely fast electron-transfer processes (substantially faster and more efficient than in the free ligand) that are normally only observed in solid materials, together with the closely packed structure of 20 chromophoric units, indicate that we can consider the molecular square as a monodisperse nanoaggregate: a molecularly defined ensemble of chromophores that partly behaves like a solid material.     

Preparation, characterization, and condensation of copper tellurolate clusters in the pores of periodic mesoporous silica MCM-41

The copper-tellurolate cluster [(Cu(6)(TePh)(6)(PPh(2)Et)(5)] has been loaded into the pores of MCM-41 by solid-state impregnation techniques. It was found that the best loading conditions are 110 degrees C and 10(-)(3) Torr static vacuum. The resulting material was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), nitrogen adsorption isotherms, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), (31)P CP MAS NMR spectroscopy, and TEM. It was observed that loading is accompanied by loss of the phosphine shell, with retention of the copper-tellurium core. Condensation of the impregnated material may proceed thermally or photochemically. Thermal condensation results in the formation of Cu(2)Te nanoparticles as demonstrated by PXRD, and TEM data suggests that the process has taken place inside the pores of MCM-41. Photochemical condensation yields larger metal-chalcogen clusters in the pores as suggested by the result of UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and TEM measurements.     

Metal-Boron Compounds – Problems and Perspectives

“True” metal-boron compounds have been known for about ten years. The bonding between the metal and boron atoms can vary widely in nature: Not only simple covalent bonds are encountered but also coordinate bonds and boron-metal multicenter bonds. Furthermore, π complexes of transition metals with boron-nitrogen systems and metal complexes containing boron(I) compounds as ligands have recently also been prepared.     

A triangle-square equilibrium of metallosupramolecular assemblies based on pd(II) and pt(II) corners and diazadibenzoperylene bridging ligands

Tetraaryloxy-substituted diazadibenzoperylene bridging ligands 1a,b were employed in transition metal-directed self-assembly with Pd(II) and Pt(II) phosphane triflates 2a,b which resulted in complex dynamic equilibria between molecular triangles 3a-d and molecular squares 4a-d in solution. Characterization of the equilibria and assignment of the metallacycles was accomplished by (1)H and (31)P[(1)H] NMR spectroscopy in combination with electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS). It was found that the equilibria depend on several factors, such as the metal ion (Pd(2+) or Pt(2+)), the solvent, and the steric demand of the phenoxy substituents of the diazadibenzoperylene ligands 1a,b. Introduction of bulky tert-butyl groups in 1b shifts the equilibrium significantly in the direction of the molecular squares. Molecular dynamics simulations of the triangle and square structures revealed critical steric effects and restricted conformational flexibilities of the phosphane and diazadibenzoperylene ligands that help explain the distinct dynamic behavior observed in variable-temperature NMR studies. Concentration-dependent UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the limited stability of the assemblies and confirmed the reversible nature of the dynamic equilibria.     

Nachweis von C (15)-epimeren Coleonen C und D in der Natur und ihre Bedeutung für den sterischen Verlauf der Bildung des Spirocyclopropanrings

Natural Occurrence of C(15)-Epimeric Coleons C and D and its Significance to the Stereochemistry of the Formation of a Spirocyclopropanring In a previous paper some evidence was presented for a predominant occurrence of epimeric coleons ((15S)-coleon C ((15 S)- 1a ), and (15S)-coleon D ((15S)- 2a )) in Plectranthus lanuginosus [1], The proposed structures have now been proven by careful comparison of their physical data with those of the already described C(15)-epimers whose structures were deduced by X-ray analysis of a derived cis-diketone 3 [5], Examination of the epimeric purity of coleons possessing a 2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl side-chain (coleons C , D , H , I , I ′ and derivatives) isolated from seven different species (Coleus, Plectranthus and Solenostemon) has shown that these coleons always occur as a mixture of C(15)-epimers, although in most cases with one predominant epimer. The consequences for the stereochemistry of the postulated in vivo formation of the methyl-substituted spirocyclopropane substructure is discussed.     

Photoinduzierte Cycloadditionen von 3-Benzyl-2H-azirin

Irradiation of 2-azido-3-phenyl-propene ( 5 ) in pentane or benzene solution with a high pressure lamp (pyrex filter) yields 3-benzyl-2H-azirin ( 6 ), which on further irradiation behind quartz or vycor in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid methylester or carbon dioxide yields 4-benzyl-5-methoxy-5-trifluoromethyl-3-oxazolin ( 8 ) and 4-benzyl-3-oxazolin-5-one ( 9 ), respectively (scheme 2). A small amount of 3-phenylacetonitrile is also formed.     

Repetierbare Ringerweiterungen durch [2,3]-sigmatropische Umlagerungen in cyclischen Allylsulfonium-allyliden; Synthese von mittleren und grossen Thiacyclen. Vorläufige Mitteilung

Repeatable ring expansions by [2,3]-sigmatropic shifts in cyclic allylsulfonium allylides; synthesis of medium- and large-sized thiacycles Allylation of a 2-vinyl thiacyclus with allyl bromide in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol followed by ylide generation by use of aqueous potassium hydroxide results in a [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement with formation of a new 2-vinyl thiacyclus enlarged by three carbon atoms (Scheme 1). In this way, starting from the 5-membered ring 1 , a series of four ring enlargement sequences leads to the 17-membered thiacycles 9 and 10 via the 8-, 11- and 14-membered rings 4 , 7 and 8 (Scheme 2).     

On cubature formulae with a minimal number of knots

Summary In this paper an approach is outlined to the two-dimensional analogon of the Gaussian quadrature problem. The main results are necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of cubature formulae which are exact for all polynomials of degree m and which have a minimal number of 1/2k(k+1) knots,k=[m/2]+1. Ifm is odd, similar results are due to I.P. Mysovskikh ([5, 6]) which will be derived in a new way as a special case of the general characterization given here. Furthermore, it will be shown how this characterization can be used to construct minimal formulae of even degree.