Theorie des Raumes mit dem Zusammenhang,der von Matrizen abhängig ist

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

New Preparation of α,β-Unsaturated Esters from 1-Alkenes Via Two Carbon Homologation Route. Synthesis of Queen Substance

2-Methylthio-4-alkenoic esters prepared from 1-alkenes and ethyl methylsulfinylacetate are converted into α,β-unsaturated esters via hydrogenation, oxidation, and thermolysis. This method was applied to the synthesis of queen substance.     

Molecular structure and vibrational spectra of phenolphthalein and its dianion

Infrared (IR) and Raman spectra of phenolphthalein (PP) and its dianion form (sodium and potassium salts) were studied both in the solid state and in aqueous solution. Band assignments were carried out on the basis of the isotope shifts of the ring deuterated and 13C-substituted derivatives. Spectral analyses reveal that the PP dianion exists as mixtures of the benzenoid form (colorless) and the quinonoid form (colored) in the solid state and in aqueous solution, while the neutral PP solely takes the gamma-lactone form. This work provides the first vibrational spectroscopic evidence for the coexistence of the two species in the PP dianions.     

Molecular Structure and Dimerization of d-Cycloserine in the Solid State

d-cycloserine (CS) is transformed into cis-3, 6-bis(aminooxymethyl)-2, 5-piperazinedione (CS-dimer) in the solid state under a humid atmosphere. This dimerization process was followed by measuring the IR bands characteristic of CS and CS-dimer. The reaction was accelerated by the presence of increased water vapor. The X-ray analysis of CS monohydrate (CS · H₂O) revealed that the CS molecules exist as a zwitter ion where the α-amino N atom is protonated and the amide N atom is deprotonated in the crystal. Participation of water molecules was suggested in the dimerization of CS.     

Experimental Investigation on Turbulent Structure of Drag Reducing Channel Flow with Blowing Polymer Solution from the Wall

Turbulent drag reducing flow with blowing polymer solution from the channel wall was investigated experimentally using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Experiments were carried out with varying conditions of blowing polymer solution (e.g. weight concentration of polymer solution). Reynolds number based on the channel height and mean velocity was set to 20000 and 40000. When the polymer solution was blown from the channel wall, streamwise velocity fluctuation little increased, but wall-normal velocity fluctuation, Reynolds shear stress and correlation coefficient decreased significantly only near the blower wall. This behavior corresponds to the decrease of the ejection and sweep in the near-wall region observed by the investigation of instantaneous velocity map. On the contrary, this characteristic behavior was not observed at a position away from the blower wall (y/(H/2) > 0.4) and the scatter plot was almost the same as that of the water flow in this region. These results suggest that there are two regions in the drag reducing flow with blowing polymer solution from the wall; one is a non-Newtonian region which exists near the blower wall, and the other is a Newtonian region at a distance from the wall. The non-Newtonian region plays a key role in the drag reduction by the blowing polymer solution.     

Synthesis of secondary α-perfluoroalkyl- and tertiary α,α-bis(perfluoroalkyl)-N-methylprolinols and their catalytic activities in the acyl transfer reaction

Various chiral α-perfluoroalkyl-N-methylprolinols were prepared and their organocatalytic activities in an acyl transfer reaction of 4-nitrophenyl 2-methoxyacetate with methanol-d₄ in chloroform-d were examined. As a result, α-trifluoromethyl-N-methylprolinol was a more effective acyl transfer catalyst than not only secondary α-perfluorobutyl- and n-butyl-N-methylprolinols but also tertiary α,α-bis(perfluorobutyl)-N-methylprolinol.