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111.
We report on the detection of picosecond pulsed squeezed light generated by an optical parametric amplification in a periodically poled MgO:LiNbO(3) waveguide. By using a temporally shaped local oscillator in a balanced homodyne detection, we obverved the squeezing of -5.0 dB below the shot noise level. The squeezing level at the exit of the waveguide was estimated to be -9.7±0.8 dB. 相似文献
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113.
Imahori H Hayashi S Umeyama T Eu S Oguro A Kang S Matano Y Shishido T Ngamsinlapasathian S Yoshikawa S 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2006,22(26):11405-11411
Electrode structures and photovoltaic properties of porphyrin-sensitized solar cells with TiO2 and Nb-, Ge-, and Zr-added TiO2 composite electrodes were examined to disclose the effects of partial substitution of Ti atom by the other metals in the composite electrodes. The TiO2 and Nb-, Ge-, and Zr-added TiO2 composite electrodes were prepared by sol-gel process using laurylamine hydrochloride as a template for the formation of micellar precursors yielding well-defined mesoporous nanocrystalline structures, as in the cases of the formation of silica and titania tubules and nanoparticles by the templating mechanism. The TiO2 and Nb-, Ge-, and Zr-added TiO2 composite electrodes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, BET surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and impedance measurements. The TiO2 anatase nanocrystalline structure is retained after doping a small amount (5 mol %) of Nb, Ge, or Zr into the TiO2 structure, suggesting the homogeneous distribution of the doped metals with replacing Ti atom by the doped metal. The power conversion efficiency of the porphyrin-sensitized solar cells increases in the order Zr-added TiO2 (0.8%) < Nb-added TiO2 (1.2%) < TiO2 (2.0%) < Ge-added TiO2 cells (2.4%) under the same conditions. The improvement of cell performance of the Ge-added TiO2 cell results from the negative shift of the conduction band of the Ge-added TiO2 electrode. The Ge-added TiO2 cell exhibited a maximum power conversion efficiency of 3.5% when the porphyrin was adsorbed onto the surface of the Ge-added TiO2 electrode with a thickness of 4 microm in MeOH for 1 h. 相似文献
114.
Knoevenagel condensation of O-acetoacetylTEMPOs (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) with aldehydes substituted with an electron-withdrawing group such as aromatic and heteroaromatic ones leads preferentially to E-adducts, while acylacetoamides including Weinreb amides produce Z-adducts, exclusively. These E- and Z-adducts are selectively converted to the corresponding (2E)- and (2Z)-2-hyroxyalkyl-2-alkenals, respectively, by stepwise reductions of the acyl group with DIBALH and then the carboxylic functions after protection of the hydroxy group. Transformation of the Knoevenagel products by taking advantage of the E-geometry to trisubstituted furans is also developed. 相似文献