Identification of radical structures on 1‐pentamethylbenzyl‐3‐ethylimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide and 1,3‐bis(pentamethylbenzyl)‐4,5‐dimethylbenzimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide exposed to gamma rays: an EPR study

1‐Pentamethylbenzyl‐3‐ethylimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide and 1,3‐bis(pentamethylbenzyl)‐4,5dimethylbenzimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide and their Ag⁺ complexes were synthesized and their polycrystal forms were produced by recrystallization in dichloromethane/Et₂O solvent system. Structural determinations were carried out by ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR with a Varian 400 NMR system using tetramethylsilane as internal standard and CDCl₃ as solvent. The disappearance of acidic N‐heterocyclic carbene proton showed the formation of Ag(I) complexes. Also, elemental analyses were carried out. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements were performed to determine the formed radical structure on the samples irradiated at the room temperature for 72 h by using ⁶⁰Co‐source with dose rate of 0.680 kGy. The EPR measurements were carried out in the temperature range of 200 K–450 K. Identical radicals were determined on the irradiated compounds. It was observed that the shapes of the spectra of the samples were independent of the temperature but, the resonance line intensities changed linearly with the temperature. Also, it was detected that the free radical on the 1‐pentamethylbenzyl‐3‐ethylimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide is not stable compared to that on the 1,3‐bis(pentamethylbenzyl)‐4,5dimethylbenzimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New Copper（Ⅱ） and Nickel（Ⅱ） Complexes of 4-Morpholinoacetophenone Thiosemicarbazone： Structural, Electrochemical and Antimicrobial Studies

4-Morpholinoacetophenone thiosemicarbazone, MAPT, and its nickel（Ⅱ） and copper（Ⅱ） complexes have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, spectral methods （FT-IR, ^1H NMR） and cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical behaviors of the complexes have been studied by cyclic voltammetry in DMF media showing metal centered reduction processes for both of them. The redox properties, nature of the electrode processes and the stability of the complexes were discussed. [Cu（MAPT）2]Cl2 complex shows Cu（Ⅱ）/Cu（Ⅰ） couple and quasi-reversible wave associated with the Cu（Ⅲ）/Cu（Ⅱ） process. The reduction/oxidation potential values depend on the structures of complexes. Also, the antimicrobial activities of these complexes were determined against S. aureus, E. coli and B. subtilis.     

The optical properties of a novel metal-free phthalocyanine

In the present work, 4-(4′-dodecyloxycarbonyl) phenoxy phthalonitrile was synthesized and then this phthalonitrile derivative was cyclotetramerized in dodecanol resulting a new metal-free phthalocyanine. The optical properties of this phthalocyanine were investigated. Novel metal-free phthalocyanine thin films were deposited on indium tin oxide-coated glass substrates by spinning method. Surface and microstructural properties of the films were characterized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Both the transmittance and reflectance spectra of the deposited films were recorded using an NKD analyser. The optical band gap energy, the thickness of thin films, refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) were calculated as 2.7 eV, 300 nm, 1.47 and 0.02, respectively.     

Electricity Production and Characterization of High-Strength Industrial Wastewaters in Microbial Fuel Cell

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) convert electrochemical energy into electrical energy immediately and have a big potential usage for the same time wastewater treatment and energy recovery via electro-active microorganisms. However, MFCs must be efficiently optimized due to its limitations such as high cost and low power production. Finding new materials to increase the cell performance and reduce cost for MFC anodes is mandatory. In the first step of this study, different inoculation sludges such as anaerobic gum industry wastewater, anaerobic brewery wastewater and anaerobic phosphate were tested, and MFC that was set up with anaerobic gum industry wastewater inoculation sludge exhibited the highest performance. In the second step of this study, various wastewaters such as chocolate industry, gum industry and slaughterhouse industry were investigated for anode bacteria sources. Several electrochemical techniques have been employed to elucidate how wastewaters affect the MFCs’ performance. Among all the mentioned wastewaters, the best performance was achieved by the MFCs fed with slaughterhouse wastewater; this device produced a maximum power density of 267 mW·m^?2.     

Graphene-nickel nitride hybrids supporting palladium nanoparticles for enhanced ethanol electrooxidation

Electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR)are generally limited by their poor durability because of the catalyst poisoning induced by the reaction intermediate carbon monoxide(CO).Therefore,the rapid oxidation removal of CO intermediates is crucial to the durability of EOR-based catalysts.Herein,in order to effectively avoiding the catalyst CO poisoning and improve the durability,the graphene-nickel nitride hybrids(AG-Ni₃N)were designed for supporting palladium nanoparticles(Pd/AG-Ni₃N)and then used for ethanol electrooxidation.The density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated the introduction of AG-Ni₃N depresses the CO absorption and simultaneously promotes the adsorption of OH species for CO oxidation removal.The fabricated Pd/AG-Ni₃N catalyst distinctively exhibits excellent electroactivity with the mass catalytic activity of 3499.5 m A mg^-1 on EOR in alkaline media,which is around 5.24 times higher than Pd/C(commercial catalyst).Notably,the Pd/AG-Ni₃N hybrids display excellent stability and durability after chronoamperometric measurements with a total operation time of 150,000 s.     

Relaxed Hyperelastic Curves on a Non-Degenerate Surface

We study the variational problem belonging to a relaxed hyperelastic curve for non-null curve on a non-degenerate surface in Minkowski three-space \({E_{1}^{3}}\) . Firstly, we derive the intrinsic equations for a relaxed hyperelastic curve and we give the necessary condition for being relaxed hyperelastic curve of any non-null geodesic on the surface in \({E_{1}^{3}}\) . Then, we examine this formulation on non-null geodesics of pseudo-plane, pseudo-sphere \({S_{1}^{2}(r) }\) , hyperbolic space \({H_{0}^{2}(r)}\) and pseudo-cylinder \({C_{1}^{2}(r)}\) .     

New Solutions for (1+1)-Dimensional and (2+1)-Dimensional Kaup–Kupershmidt Equations

In this paper, using the exp-function method we obtain some new exact solutions for (1+1)-dimensional and (2+1)-dimensional Kaup–Kupershmidt (KK) equations. We show figures of some of the new solutions obtained here. We conclude that the exp-function method presents a wider applicability for handling nonlinear partial differential equations.     

Determinant Solutions Generalized KP Equation to a （3＋1）-Dimensional with Variable Coefficients

A system of linear conditions is presented for Wronskian and Grammian solutions to a (3+1)-dimensional generalized vcKP equation.The formulations of these solutions require a constraint on variable coefficients.     

MHD mixed convection of a viscous dissipating fluid about a permeable vertical flat plate

The problem of steady laminar magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection heat transfer about a vertical plate is studied numerically, taking into account the effects of Ohmic heating and viscous dissipation. A uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plate. The resulting governing equations are transformed into the non-similar boundary layer equations and solved using the Keller box method. Both the aiding-buoyancy mode and the opposing-buoyancy mode of the mixed convection are examined. The velocity and temperature profiles as well as the local skin friction and local heat transfer parameters are determined for different values of the governing parameters, mainly the magnetic parameter, the Richardson number, the Eckert number and the suction/injection parameter, f_w. For some specific values of the governing parameters, the results agree very well with those available in the literature. Generally, it is determined that the local skin friction coefficient and the local heat transfer coefficient increase owing to suction of fluid, increasing the Richardson number, Ri (i.e. the mixed convection parameter) or decreasing the Eckert number. This trend reverses for blowing of fluid and decreasing the Richardson number or decreasing the Eckert number. It is disclosed that the value of Ri determines the effect of the magnetic parameter on the momentum and heat transfer.