On some features of the effective behaviour of porous solids with J2- and J3-dependent yielding matrix behaviourSur quelques effets de l'angle de Lode sur les caractéristiques macroscopiques de matériaux en rupture ductile

Some features od the constitutive behaviour of voided materials taking into account possible effects of the Lode angle in the yielding behaviour of the matrix are discussed. The Gurson approach is used to this end. After providing a parametric representation of the effective behaviour of such materials, some closed-form results are given for pure shear stress states and also at very high stress triaxialities. In the former case corresponding to a zero macroscopic mean stress, the contour of the yield domain in the π-plane has exactly the shape of the yield surface of the matrix in the deviatoric plane, but a size reduced by a factor $1?f$, with f the porosity of the voided material. In the latter, effective yield stresses for the voided material are slightly different from the Gurson result and found to be set by the yield stress at a microscopic stress Lode angle $\frac{\pi }{3}$ for very high positive triaxiality and by the yield stress at a microscopic stress Lode angle 0 for very high negative triaxiality. This last result is extended for porous materials with yielding depending further on the hydrostatic stress, fully exhibiting the interaction between volumetric and shear interactions on the yielding behaviour of isotropic porous materials. Applications to many usual yielding criteria for the matrix are also provided.     

Dynamics and control in an $$({\varvec{n}}+{\varvec{2}})$$ ( n + 2 ) -neuron BAM network with multiple delays

Nonlinear Dynamics - The issues of the stability and bifurcation for a delayed BAM network involving two neurons in the I-layer and arbitrary neurons in the J-layer are concerned in the present...     

Antimicrobial and antitumor activities of 1,2,4‐triazoles/polypyrrole chitosan core shell nanoparticles

Combination of natural biodegradable polymer with a synthetic polymer offers excellent properties for the support in drug delivery system. For this purpose, biodegradable conductive nanoparticle polypyrrole based on chitosan (PPC) has been prepared via oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in presence of chitosan using FeCl₃ as oxidant in acidic medium and used as a carrier for 1,2,4‐triazoles. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The results indicate that spherical nanoparticle of average diameter 52 ± 8 nm was successfully prepared. The spherical particles were composed of dark sphere surrounded by grey shell. A circumferential dark ring is observed in the shell after loading 1,2,4‐triazoles into PPC nanoparticles. The loaded triazoles were released almost linearly against time in a sustained fashion into different pH media. The mechanism of triazoles release was determined using different kinetics equations. The antibacterial activities against the gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria were examined. Furthermore, the antitumor activity of PPC nanoparticles loaded 1,2,4‐triazoles was also examined against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells and breast cancer cell line (MCF7). Polypyrrole chitosan loaded nanoparticles exhibited higher antitumor activity than 1,2,4‐triazoles.     

Pyrolysis of cellulose and lignin

X-ray and UV-induced photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been performed to characterise the pyrolysis of cellulose and lignin and their interaction with methanol. Clean highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) was also analysed as a reference material. Asymmetric C1s core level fits and valence band XPS of the samples indicate a graphitic-like structure after the pyrolysis at 1200 °C. Due to the low polar contents in pyrolysed cellulose and lignin, an interaction with methanol under high vacuum conditions could not be identified. From a technical viewpoint a temperature of 1200 °C is attainable without high costs. Therefore, the pyrolysis of wood-based polymers containing high amounts of cellulose and lignin are potential low-cost materials for various applications. If it is possible to generate graphite in complex structures made of wood-based polymers, a cheap and energy-efficient method will become available for producing bipolar plates for fuel cells. Technical problems like form instability and foaming are discussed as well as further development and possible modifications of the ground material to achieve optimal compositions.     

Rayleigh-Taylor/gravitational instability in dense magnetoplasmas

The Rayleigh-Taylor instability is investigated in a nonuniform dense quantum magnetoplasma. For this purpose, a quantum hydrodynamical model is used for the electrons whereas the ions are assumed to be cold and classical. The dispersion relation for the Rayleigh-Taylor instability becomes modified with the quantum corrections associated with the Fermi pressure law and the quantum Bohm potential force. Numerically, it is found that the quantum speed and density gradient significantly modify the growth rate of RT instability. In a dense quantum magnetoplasma case, the linear growth rate of RT instability becomes significantly higher than its classical value and the modes are found to be highly localized. The present investigation should be useful in the studies of dense astrophysical magnetoplasmas as well as in laser-produced plasmas.     

Magnetocaloric properties in the Cr-doped La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 manganites

Single-phase polycrystalline samples of La_0.7Sr_0.3Mn_1-xCr_xO₃ with nominal composition of x=0.00, 0.20, 0.40 and 0.50 were prepared by a conventional solid-state reaction method in air. Investigations of magnetization were carried out in the temperature range 5-400 K and magnetic field range 0-8 T. It was found that the Curie temperature T_C decreases with increasing x and the maximum magnetic entropy change (−ΔS_M) for x=0.20 is ∼1.203 and ∼2.653 J/kg K, respectively for 2 and 6 T magnetic field near the temperature of 280 K.     

The Nephroprotective Effect of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) Fruits in a Gentamicin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Model in Rats: A Biochemical and Histopathological Investigation

Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) (Z. lotus) is a medicinal plant largely distributed all over the Mediterranean basin and is traditionally used by Moroccan people to treat many illnesses, including kidney failure. The nephrotoxicity of gentamicin (GM) has been well documented in humans and animals, although the preventive strategies against it remain to be studied. In this investigation, we explore whether the extract of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) Fruit (ZLF) exhibits a protective effect against renal damage produced by GM. Indeed, twenty-four Wistar rats were separated into four equal groups of six each (♂/♀ = 1). The control group was treated orally with distilled water (10 mL/kg); the GM treated group received distilled water (10 mL/kg) and an intraperitoneal injection of GM (80 mg/kg) 3 h after; and the treated groups received ZLF extract orally at the doses 200 or 400 mg/kg and injected intraperitoneally with the GM. All treatments were given daily for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, the biochemical parameters and the histological observation related the kidney function was explored. ZLF treatment has significantly attenuated the nephrotoxicity induced by the GM. This effect was indicated by its capacity to decrease significantly the serum creatinine, uric acid, urea, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, albumin, calcium, sodium amounts, water intake, urinary volume, and relative kidney weight. In addition, this effect was also shown by the increase in the creatinine clearance, urinary creatinine, uric acid, and urea levels, weight gain, compared to the rats treated only with the GM. The hemostasis of oxidants/antioxidants has been significantly improved with the treatment of ZLF extract, which was shown by a significant reduction in malondialdehydes levels. Histopathological analysis of renal tissue was correlated with biochemical observation. Chemical analysis by HPLC-DAD showed that the aqueous extract of ZLF is rich in phenolic compounds such as 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, catechin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, hydroxytyrosol, naringenin, p- coumaric Acid, quercetin, rutin, and vanillic acid. In conclusion, ZLF extract improved the nephrotoxicity induced by GM, through the improvement of the biochemical and histological parameters and thus validates its ethnomedicinal use.     

Role of Cu concentration on the structure and transport properties of Cr-Zn ferrites

The influence of Cu concentration on the transport and microstructure characteristics of Cu_yZn_1−yCr_0.8Fe_1.2O₄ with 0.2≤y≤1 ferrite was studied. X-ray, energy dispersive X- ray (EDAX) and infrared spectra (IR) were carried out to assure the formation of the sample in the proper form. The dielectric constant (ε′) and ac conductivity were measured at different frequencies ranging from 600 kHz to 5 MHz from room temperature up to 800 K. The obtained data reveals that, a single phase cubic spinel structure for all the concentrations. From the results of IR spectra, mainly two bands were observed. The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss tangent decrease with increasing frequency and Cu concentration. The dielectric constant shows a dispersion peak (ε′_max) which shifts to higher frequency with increasing the temperature. The results are explained as due to the fact that the dielectric polarization process is similar to that of conduction. The appearance of the dispersion peak is related to the contribution of two types of charge carriers.     

Discreteness of space from the generalized uncertainty principle

Various approaches to Quantum Gravity (such as String Theory and Doubly Special Relativity), as well as black hole physics predict a minimum measurable length, or a maximum observable momentum, and related modifications of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle to a so-called Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP). We propose a GUP consistent with String Theory, Doubly Special Relativity and black hole physics, and show that this modifies all quantum mechanical Hamiltonians. When applied to an elementary particle, it implies that the space which confines it must be quantized. This suggests that space itself is discrete, and that all measurable lengths are quantized in units of a fundamental length (which can be the Planck length). On the one hand, this signals the breakdown of the spacetime continuum picture near that scale, and on the other hand, it can predict an upper bound on the quantum gravity parameter in the GUP, from current observations. Furthermore, such fundamental discreteness of space may have observable consequences at length scales much larger than the Planck scale.     

The master equation for a two-level atom in a laser field with squeezing-like terms

In this paper, we derive the time dependent solution of the effective master equation for the reduced density matrix operator of a two-level atom driven by a strong classical field and damped into a “modelled” reservoir with non-flat density of modes. The effects of different parameters on the atomic inversion, the von Neumann entropy and the entropy squeezing are discussed.