Resorcinarene supramolecular organocatalyst for functionalized 1-tetralone synthesis in aqueous medium

An efficient, straightforward and environmentally benign process has been developed for the synthesis of fluorenone and 1-tetralone derivatives using cyclic 1,3-dione, malononitrile and dialkylacetylenedicarboxylate as starting materials in aqueous medium. The reaction is favoured in presence of resorcin[4]arene which is effective as a reusable organocatalyst. The catalyst has been easily synthesized and characterized by ¹H, ¹³C NMR, IR, XRD and HRMS analyses. Resorcin[4]arene afforded the resulted products in a shorter time and in good yields. The recyclability of the catalyst was established up to 6th cycle by FT-IR and SEM images.     

Renewed Looks at the Distribution of a Sum of Independent or Dependent Discrete Random Variables and Related Problems

Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability - Butler and Stephens (2017) have investigated the exact and approximate distributions of a sum S of independent binomial random variables with...     

Novel nonlinear wave equation: Regulated rogue waves and accelerated soliton solutions

A new exactly solvable ($1+1$)-dimensional complex nonlinear wave equation exhibiting rich analytic properties has been introduced. A rogue wave (RW), localized in space–time like Peregrine RW solution, though richer due to the presence of free parameters is discovered. This freedom allows to regulate amplitude and width of the RW as needed. The proposed equation allows also an intriguing topology changing accelerated dark soliton solution in spite of constant coefficients in the equation.     

All- optical phase encoded 4-to-1 phase multiplexer using four wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifier

Optics has already showed its potency over its electronic complements in case of superfast computing and communication systems. Semiconductor optical amplifier, (SOA) with its several nonlinear properties, plays a very crucial role in the development of high-speed all-optical processor. Multiplexer and demultiplexer are the extremely important element of the processor which takes part in utilizing different actions like encoding, decoding, routing, and the different process of data conversion and generation, etc. In this paper, the authors have proposed a scheme of phase encoded all-optical phase multiplexer using four wave mixing (FWM) property of semiconductor optical amplifier. Thus, the improved tolerance against fiber-nonlinearity and higher receiver sensitivity of phase encoding method with the fast occurring processes like FWM in SOA offers higher speed in this proposed scheme of multiplexing.     

Orientational order parameter determination of the liquid crystal: 4 propyl paraethoxy phenyl cyclohexyl carboxylate by X-ray studies

The compound 4 propyl paraethoxy phenyl cyclohexyl carboxylate (code name D302) is a member of a homologous series and exhibits liquid crystalline (nematic) behavior in the temperature range 48°C to 78°C. An experiment has been set up for conducting X-ray studies of liquid crystal samples at various temperatures. From X-ray studies conducted at different temperatures on D302, the apparent molecular length and inter-molecular distance and their temperature dependence have been determined. The variation of the orientational-order parameter <P₂>_xray has been determined from the intensities of the scanned X-ray photographs taken at different temperatures. The results have been compared with the<P₂>_opt values obtained by us from birefringence studies.     

Efficient monooleoyl glycerol synthesis employing hybrid ultrasonic-infrared-wave promoted reactor: Concurrent catalytic and noncatalytic esterification kinetics

For the first time, intensification of monooleoyl glycerol (MOG) synthesis has been investigated in an ultrasonic-infrared-wave (USIRW) promoted batch reactor. Esterification of octadecanoic acid (ODA) with glycerol (Gl) has been conducted [using Amberlyst 36 wet catalyst] in three different reactors, namely traditional batch reactor (TBR), infrared wave promoted batch reactor (IRWPBR), and USIRW-promoted batch reactor (USIRWPBR) to assess the relative efficacy. The energy-efficient USIRWPBR remarkably intensifies the ODA-Gl esterification as manifested through superior ODA conversion (92.5 ± 1.25%) compared to that achieved in IRWPBR (79.8 ± 1.2%) and TBR (36.39 ± 1.25%). The most favorable reaction condition for optimum ODA conversion and maximum MOG yield was identified through statistical optimization over a selected parametric range, namely 3-5 Gl/ODA mole ratio, 0.004-0.006 g/mL Amberlyst 36 catalyst concentration, 300-700 rpm impeller speed, and 333-353 K reaction temperature. The present study also reports the formulation and validation of an innovative reaction kinetics, that is, concurrent noncatalytic and heterogeneously catalyzed (CNCHC) reaction mechanism in addition to the conventional heterogeneous kinetic models (LH and Eley-Rideal mechanisms). Under combined USIRW, the CNCHC esterification mechanism could best describe ODA-Gl esterification (R² = 0.98) compared to LH (R² = 0.97) and Eley-Rideal (R² = 0.88) mechanisms. The optimal product (MOG) was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis to assess its crystallization property and thermal stability for possible application as plasticizer/fuel additives.     

A Simple,Efficient and Green Procedure for the Knoevenagel Condensation of Aldehydes with N-Methylpiperazine at Room Temperature under Solvent-Free Conditions

Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic, aliphatic, and heteroaromatic aldehydes with active methylene compounds such as ethylcyanoacetate, malononitrile, and cyanoacetamide proceed very smoothly at room temperature by simply mixing the ingredients together under solvent-free conditions in the presence of N-methylpiperazine in excellent yields of the E-configured products.     

Phase Transfer Catalyzed Alkylation: An Efficient Protection of Acid Labile Hemiketals

The reaction of hemiketals (1–6) with sodium hydroxide and methyl iodide in the presence of TBAI as a catalyst furnished methoxy hemiketals (7–10) in more than 90% yield.