Metal- and Catalyst-Free Synthesis of 2-Substituted-Phthalimides Using 2-(Arenesulfonyl)Phthalimide as Key Reagents

Phthalimide derivatives are important in medicinal chemistry, several phthalimidation methodologies have been developed. Here, we report a facile, metal-free, and catalyst-free method for the preparation of N-phthalimides in good to excellent yield by reacting 2-(arenesulfonyl)phthalimides with various amine substrates.     

Jump of a domain and spectrally balanced domains

Let R be a locally finite-dimensional (LFD) integral domain. We investigate two invariants ${j_R(a)={{\rm inf}}\{{\rm height}P-{\rm height} Q\}}$ , where P and Q range over prime ideals of R such that ${Q\subset aR\subseteq P}$ , and ${j(R)={\rm sup}\{j_R(a)\}}$ (called the jump of R), where a range over nonzero nonunit elements of R. We study the jump of polynomial ring and power series ring, we give many results involving jump, and specially we give more interest to LFD-domain R such that j(R)?=?1. We prove that if R is a finite-dimensional divided domain, then R is a Jaffard domain if and only if for all integer ${n,\,j(R[x_1,\ldots,x_n])=1}$ .     

Antifungal Activity of Soft Tissue Extract from the Garden Snail Helix aspersa (Gastropoda,Mollusca)

Gastropods comprise approximately 80% of molluscans, of which land snails are used variably as food and traditional medicines due to their high protein content. Moreover, different components from land snails exhibit antimicrobial activities. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal activity of soft tissue extracts from Helix aspersa against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus brasiliensis by identifying extract components using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Two concentrations of three extracts (methanol, acetone, and acetic acid) showed antifungal activity. Both acetone (1 g/3 mL) and acetic acid extracts (1 g/mL) significantly inhibited C. albicans growth (p = 0.0001, 5.2 ± 0.2 mm and p = 0.02, 69.7 ± 0.6 mm, respectively). A. flavus and A. brasiliensis growth were inhibited by all extracts at 1 g/mL, while inhibition was observed for acetic acid extracts against A. brasiliensis (p = 0.02, 50.3 ± 3.5 mm). The highest growth inhibition was observed for A. flavus using acetic acid and acetone extracts (inhibition zones = 38 ± 1.7 mm and 3.1 ± 0.7 mm, respectively). LC-MS-MS studies on methanol and acetone extracts identified 11-α-acetoxyprogesterone with a parent mass of 372.50800 m/z and 287.43500 m/z for luteolin. Methanol extracts contained hesperidin with a parent mass of 611.25400 m/z, whereas linoleic acid and genistein (parent mass = 280.4 and 271.48900 m/z, respectively) were the main metabolites.