The facets of the polyhedral set determined by the Gale—Hoffman inequalities

The Gale—Hoffman inequalities characterize feasible external flow in a (capacitated) network. Among these inequalities, those that are redundant can be identified through a simple arc-connectedness criterion.This paper is dedicated to Phil Wolfe on the occasion of his 65th birthday.Research supported in part by NATO Collaborative Research Grant 0785/87.Supported in part by a grant of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.     

Can extended objects explain the GSI e+ e− lines?

The anomalous electron-positron coincidences observed in heavy-ion collisions have been interpreted as signal for the pair decay of hitherto unknown neutral objects with masses around 1.8 MeV. We discuss the decay modes of such extended composite particles when they are bound to a nucleus. In particular we investigate the angular correlation of the emitted pair and the competing single-photon decay channel. We confront the particle hypothesis with recent negative results from experiments searching for resonances in Bhabha scattering. The induced pair decay of a metastable 1⁺⁺ state in secondary collisions with target atoms is discussed as a possible explanation.     

Characterization and properties of polyethylene blends I. Linear low-density polyethylene with high-density polyethylene

A blend system of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) (ethylene butene-1 copolymer) with high-density (linear) polyethylene (HDPE) is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), Raman longitudinal-acoustic-mode spectroscopy (LAM), and light scattering (LS). For slowly cooled or quenched samples, one single endotherm is evident in the DSC curve which depends on the composition. No separate peaks are observed in the WAXD, SAXS, Raman-LAM, and LS studies on the LLDPE/HDPE blends. This observation along with the fact that no peak broadening is observed suggests that these peaks are associated with the presence of a single component. In no case did we see double peaks or a broadened peak that might be associated with two closely spaced unresolved peaks. This suggests that segregation has not taken place at the structural levels of crystalline, lamellar, and spherulitic textures. A single-step drop in the scattered intensity (I_Hv) as a function of temperature is seen in the LS studies. It is therefore concluded that cocrystallization between the LLDPE and HDPE components occurs. The mechanical and optical α, β, and γ relaxations of these blends are explored by dynamic birefringence. The 50/50 blend displays the intermediate relaxation behavior between those of the components in all α, β, and γ regions. This observation is reminiscent of the characteristic of the typical miscible blends.     

Verification of a class of link-level protocols

This paper describes a model of a link-level communication line, and defines a set of operations meant to form the basis of data transfer protocols. Some problems concerning verification of protocols are discussed, and it is shown that all protocols using the given operations as a basis are partially correct. Conditions are given for total correctness.     

Magnetic oxide films

Magnetic oxide films including europium oxide, yttrium and gadolinium iron garnets, orthoferrites, and ferrites are reviewed from a point of view which stresses the common aspects of oxide film growth and the resulting structural and magnetic properties. The growth techniques of each material are described. They include chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, chemical solution, liquid epitaxy, and evaporation. Problems such as non-stoichiometry, strain, cracking, and substrate-film interaction are discussed for each material. The substrate is found to exert a strong influence on the film quality and generally a better match between film and substrate results in improved films. The magnetic characteristics of the films including the magnetization, coercive force, Faraday rotation, and ferromagnetic resonance linewidth are discussed. In terms of these properties, the films are compared with the corresponding bulk materials. The means of improving magnetic oxide films are considered, and an assessment is made of the possibility of producing thin films whose structural and magnetic properties are comparable with those of bulk material.     

Change in infrared dichroism during and following high-speed elongation of polyethylene

Use of a new apparatus is described which enables infrared dichroism to be followed as a function of time following the rapid stretching of a sample. The apparatus is double beam in dichroism, in that the infrared beam is alternately polarized parallel and perpendicular to the stretching direction and the transmitted intensity is observed on an oscilloscope. Results are presented for the stretching of a low-density polyethylene sample by approximately 28% in a time of approximately 0.1 sec. The infrared dichroism is observed to change in times of the order of 50 to 100 msec after stretching, confirming the observation made by other techniques that crystal orientation changes during this time.     

Separation of phenol and cresols by crystalline complexation with 1,1-di(p-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane,and crystal structure analyses of the complexes

This paper is concerned with 11 inclusion complexes of the 1,1-di(p-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane host with either phenol or one of the cresol derivatives as guest. Selectivity studies showed preferential complexation with a guest according to the sequence;m-cresol > p-cresol > phenol > o-cresol. Crystallographic analyses of the four complexes revealed isomorphous structures [crystal data for the phenol complex:a=6.232,b=10.849,c=14.845 Å, =95.69, =93.49, =104.31°, space groupPl,Z=2]. The intermolecular arrangements are characterized by layers of efficiently hydrogen bonded entities (host-to-host, host-to-guest and guest-to-host) parallel toab, every OH group being involved in two H-bonds. Organization of the layers alongc is stabilized by weak dispersion forces, thus being most sensitive to structural variation of the guest component. The observed features of selectivity upon crystalline complexation are related to differences in topological complementarity between the constituents of each structure. Supplementary Data relating to this article are deposited with the British Library as Supplementary Publication No. SUP 82052 (4 pages).     

Optical studies of the crystallization of trans 1,4-polybutadiene in stretched networks

The stress-induced crystallization of trans 1,4-polybutadiene was studied by observing changes in birefringence, stress, x-ray diffraction, and low angle light scattering during the course of crystallization. From these data, the degree of crystallinity was determined as a function of time, temperature, and elongation. Data were fitted to the Avrami equation, leading to an exponent of the order of unity. Light-scattering patterns suggested the simultaneous existence of two stretched forms: a rod-like structure oriented preferentially parallel to the stretching direction and a deformed spherulitelike growth with its greatest extension perpendicular to the stretching direction.     

The scattering of light by correlated assemblies of anisotropic rods in two dimensions

The scattering from an assembly of anisotropic rods having correlated orientation is calculated in terms of a correlation function expressing the probability of parallelism of orientation of their optic axes as a function of their separation. The scattering is dependent upon the product of a form factor for the scattering from an individual rod and an interference factor dependent upon this correlation function.