Numerical approach for generic three-phase flow based on cut-cell and ghost fluid methods

In this paper, we introduce numerical methods that can simulate complex multiphase flows. The finite volume method, applying Cartesian cut-cell is used in the computational domain, containing fluid and solid, to conserve mass and momentum. With this method, flows in and around any geometry can be simulated without complex and time consuming meshing. For the fluid region, which involves liquid and gas, the ghost fluid method is employed to handle the stiffness of the interface discontinuity problem. The interaction between each phase is treated simply by wall function models or jump conditions of pressure, velocity and shear stress at the interface. The sharp interface method “coupled level set (LS) and volume of fluid (VOF)” is used to represent the interface between the two fluid phases. This approach will combine some advantages of both interface tracking/capturing methods, such as the excellent mass conservation from the VOF method and good accuracy of interface normal computation from the LS function. The first coupled LS and VOF will be generated to reconstruct the interface between solid and the other materials. The second will represent the interface between liquid and gas.     

On the rationalization of a sum of surds

A program to rationalize the equations ∑⁵_i = 1√y_i = 0 and ∑⁶_i = 1√y_i= 0 is described; here y_i are indeterminates. Complete answers are given for these two cases, and for the elementary cases where the sum consists of three or four terms. The rationalization utilizes a family of algorithms treating the algebra of symmetric functions. This is the first step in the construction of a comprehensive computer package—SYMPACK—designed to carry out all useful manipulations of the five basic symmetric functions. The contents of this package, as currently envisaged, is given in outline.     

Chitosan loaded with silver nanoparticles,CS‐AgNPs,using thymus syriacus,wild mint,and rosemary essential oil extracts as reducing and capping agents

The present study describes the green method for the preparation of chitosan loaded with silver nanoparticles (CS‐AgNPs) in the presence of 3 different extracted essential oils. The essential oils play dual roles as reductant and capping agents. The reducing power and DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) assay for the 3 essential oils—Thymus syriacus (T), wild mint (M), and rosemary (R)—have been reported. The preparation of CS‐AgNPs was performed by 2 steps. The 3 previously extracted essential oils have been used as reducing and capping agent in the first step, while in the second step, silver nanoparticles were integrated in chitosan. The integration of AgNPs in the structure of chitosan was confirmed by ultraviolet‐visible, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy techniques, and energy dispersive X‐ray. Surface plasmon resonance confirmed the formation of CS‐AgNPs with maximum absorbance at λ_max between 405 ‐ 410 and 410 ‐ 430 nm for colloidal and films of CS‐AgNPs, respectively. The intensity of bands at 3408 cm^?1 in the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements was decreased substantially and shifted slightly to lower frequency (?υ = 43 cm^?1). Scanning electron microscopy shows a spherical morphology of AgNPs with size of 62 nm for both colloidal and film samples, and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis shows peaks confirming AgNPs formation.     

Ratchet driven by quasimonochromatic noise

The currents generated by noise-induced activation processes in a periodic potential are investigated analytically, by digital simulation and by performing analog experiments. The noise is taken to be quasimonochromatic and the potential to be a smoothed sawtooth. Two analytic approaches are studied. The first involves a perturbative expansion in inverse powers of the frequency characterizing quasimonochromatic noise and the second is a direct numerical integration of the deterministic differential equations obtained in the limit of weak noise. These results, together with the digital and analog experiments, show that the system does indeed give rise, in general, to a net transport of particles. All techniques also show that a current reversal exists for a particular value of the noise parameters.     

Measurement of the mass of110Pd and114Pd using the (14C,16O) reaction

A measurement of the mass excess of¹¹⁰Pd and¹¹⁴Pd has been made by detecting emergent¹⁶O ions in aQ3D magnetic spectrometer using the¹¹²Cd(¹⁴C,¹⁶O)¹¹⁰Pd and¹¹⁶Cd(¹⁴C,¹⁶O)¹¹⁴Pd reactions at 60 MeV. The results are compared with theoretical predictions.     

Convex fuzzy random variables

A theory of fuzzy random variables is developed that applies to situations involving both randomness and fuzziness. The use of membership functions that are quasi-concave play an important role in the theory. The expectation of a fuzzy random variable is a fuzzy variable (fuzzy set). The usual linearity properties of probabilistic expectation carry over to fuzzy random variables. A special case of a fuzzy Law of Large Number is proven.