Cyclisation of Ortho -Cyclohexenyl Phenols via Epoxidation #

A number of ortho -cyclohexenyl phenols 2(a–i) have been cyclised by treatment with one equivalent of m-chloroper-oxybenzoic acid in refluxing benzene for 4 h to furnish linearly fused 1-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,4a,9a-hexahydrodibenzofurans 3(a–i) (70–80%) and bicyclic 3-hydroxy-1,3-ethanochromans 4(a–f) (10–20%). Products 3(a–i) were oxidised with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (excess) in refluxing dry xylene for 6 h to give 2,3-dihydrodibenzofuran-1 (2H)-ones 6(a–i) (85–95%).

     

Regioselective Synthesis of Benzofuran‐Annulated Six‐Membered Sulfur Heterocycles by Aryl Radical Cyclization

The tin hydride–mediated cyclization of a number of sulfides and sulfones under mild and neutral conditions has been investigated. The sulfides were in turn derived from 3(2H) benzothiofuranone and 2‐bromobenzyl bromides by phase‐transfer‐catalyzed reaction, and the corresponding sulfones were prepared by treatment of the corresponding sulfides with m‐CPBA at room temperature. The sulfides and sulfones were then reacted with ⁿ Bu₃SnH‐AIBN to afford regioselectively benzofuran‐annulated six‐membered sulfur heterocycles.     

Regioselective Synthesis of Thiopyrano[3,2‐c][1]benzothiopyran‐5(2H)‐one and Thieno[3,2‐c][1]benzothiopyran‐4(2H)‐one

4‐Mercaptothiocoumarin was alkylated with different propargylic and allylic halides under phase‐transfer‐catalyzed conditions in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) or benzyl triethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) catalyst in dichloromethane–aqueous NaOH solution (1%) at room temperature. These 4‐thiopropynyl and thioallyl thiocoumarins were then refluxed in chlorobenzene and quinoline to give thiopyrano[3,2‐c][1]benzothiopyran‐5(2H)‐one and thiopyrano[3,2‐c][1]benzothiopyran‐4‐one respectively.     

Regioselective Synthesis of Polyheterocycles From 4-Cyclohex-2-ENYL-3-Hydroxy-1-Methylquinolin-2(1H)-One

4-Cyclohex-2-enyl-3-hydroxy-1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one (4) was prepared in 90% yield by the thermal [3,3]sigmatropic rearrangement of 3-cyclohex-2-enyloxy-1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one (3) in refluxing chloroben-zene for 10 h. Compound (4) was cyclised through a sequence of reactions viz. i) acetylation ii) addition of bromine and iii) treatment of the acetyl dibromo compound (6) with base to give a bicyclic product (7) in 90% yield. Treatment of compound 4 with pyridine hydro-bromide perbromide in dichloromethane at 0–5° C afforded a cyclic product 8 in excellent yield. Compound 4 when treated with cold conc. sulphuric acid at 0–5° C furnished the bicyclic product 12 in 89% yield.     

Regioselective synthesis of pyrano[3,2-f]quinoline and phenanthroline derivatives using molecular iodine

A series of polysubstituted pyrano[3,2-f]quinoline and phenanthroline derivatives have been synthesized by molecular iodine-catalyzed tandem reaction of various propargylic alcohols with or without substituted amines in excellent yields. Moreover, the cyclized side products are also pyrano[3,2-f]quinoline and phenanthroline derivatives.     

Novel nonperipheral octa-3-hydroxypropylthio substituted metallo-phthalocyanines: synthesis,characterization, and investigation of their electrochemical,photochemical and computational properties

The current study describes the synthesis, electrochemical, computational, and photochemical properties of octa (3-hydroxypropylthio) substituted cobalt (II) ( 4 ), copper (II) ( 5 ), nickel (II) ( 6 ) and zinc(II) ( 7 ) phthalocyanine derivatives. These novel compounds were characterized by elemental analysis,¹H,¹³C NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and MS. The redox behaviors of these metallo-phthalocyanines were investigated by the cyclic voltammetric method. The optimized molecular structure and gauge-including atomic orbital (GIAO)¹H and¹³C NMR chemical shift values of these phthalocyanines in the ground state had been calculated by using B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) basis set. The outcomes of the optimized molecular structure were given and compared with the experimental NMR values. The photochemical properties including photodegradation and singlet oxygen generation of zinc(II) phthalocyanine were studied in DMSO solution for the determination of its photosensitizer behaviors.     

Density of near-extreme events

We provide a quantitative analysis of the phenomenon of crowding of near-extreme events by computing exactly the density of states (DOS) near the maximum of a set of independent and identically distributed random variables. We show that the mean DOS converges to three different limiting forms depending on whether the tail of the distribution of the random variables decays slower than pure exponential, faster than pure exponential, or as a pure exponential function. We argue that some of these results would remain valid even for certain correlated cases and verify it for power-law correlated stationary Gaussian sequences. Satisfactory agreement is found between the near-maximum crowding in the summer temperature reconstruction data of western Siberia and the theoretical prediction.     

Level density of a bose gas and extreme value statistics

We establish a connection between the level density of a gas of noninteracting bosons and the theory of extreme value statistics. Depending on the exponent that characterizes the growth of the underlying single-particle spectrum, we show that at a given excitation energy the limiting distribution function for the number of excited particles follows the three universal distribution laws of extreme value statistics, namely, the Gumbel, Weibull, and Fréchet distributions. Implications of this result, as well as general properties of the level density at different energies, are discussed.     

Effect of grinding on the low temperature photoluminescence of certain inorganic crystals

The broadening as well as shift in the photoluminescence spectra of K₂[Pt(CN)₄] · 3 H₂O, Ba[Pt(CN)₄] · 4 H₂O, CdS:Te and Ru(C₁₅H₁₁N₃)₂I₂ · H₂O crystals take place with their grinding. The original vibronic peaks at 632 and 628 nm of CdS:Te and Ru(C₁₅H₁₁N₃)₂I₂ · H₂O crystals, respectively, disappear with the grinding. A new vibronic peak at 650 nm appears with grinding of Ru(C₁₅H₁₁N₃)₂I₂ · H₂O crystals. It is concluded that the change in the photoluminescence spectra is attributed to the creation of dislocations during the process of grinding.