Phase-space analysis of alternating Δβ couplers

A geometrical method for determining the power transfer between piecewise uniform, alternating , twin-core linear directional couplers is presented. Phase space provides the basis for the method.     

Cubic surfaces in AG(3, q) and projective planes of order q 3

Spread sets of projective planes of order q ³ are represented as sets of q ³ points in A AG(3, q ³). A line through the origin in A can be interpreted as a space A ₀ AG(3, q), and the spread set induces a cubic surface L in A ₀. If the projective plane is a semifield plane of dimension 3 over its kernel, then L has the property that it misses a plane of A ₀. Determining all such surfaces L leads to a complete classification of the semifield planes of order q ³, whose spread sets are division algebras of dimension 3.An alternative proof of a result due to Menichetti, that finite division algebras of dimension 3 are associative or are twisted fields, follows with the classification.     

Properties of nonlinear waves in dissipative-dispersive media with instability

Wave processes in dissipative-dispersive media with instability described by a fourth-order nonlinear evolution equation are considered. Analytic solutions in the form of solitary and cnoidal waves are obtained. The existence of a critical value of the dispersion coefficient beyond which an initial disturbance (in particular, white noise) is transformed into a structure is demonstrated by numerical modeling.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 130–136, July–August, 1990.     

Crystal structure and vibrational spectra of hydrazinium (2+) tri-μ-fluoro bis[pentafluorozirconate (IV)] fluoride and vibrational spectra of its hafnium analogue

Monoclinic (N₂H₆)₃Zr₂F₁₃·F crystallizes in space group P2₁-C ₂ ² (No. 4) with unit cell dimensionsa=5.670(1),b=10.984(2),c=10.601(2) Å,=93.88(1)°,V=658.7(4) ų andZ=2. Two different types of N₂H₆ ²⁺ ions are present. One is involved in strong H-bonds to F^– ions in infinite chains running along the a axis (the shortest N-F distance is 2.437(5) Å), and the other links the structure through weaker bi- and trifurcated H-bonds to fluorine ligands of the Zr₂F₁₃ ^5– ions. The N-N bond lengths range from 1.430(5) to 1.446(5) Å with apparently no meaningful correlation to the type of N₂H₂ ²⁺ ions. The Zr₂F₁₃ ^5– ions have very nearly C₂ point symmetry and are formed by joining two distorted bicapped trigonal prisms of ZrF₈-units through a common face. Distances of Zr-F terminal bonds range from 2.015(2) to 2.112(2) Å and of bridging bonds from 2.133(2) to 2.212(2) Å. (N₂H₆)₃Hf₂F₁₃·F is isomorphous. The vibrational spectra of the two compounds are nearly identical, with the exception of a strong infrared band, which is assigned to a stretching mode with the moving central atom within the anion. The anion part of the spectrum is simple, showing broad unresolved bands. The cation part shows two types of N₂H₆ ^– ions. H-Bonding is strongly present in the spectra, but no simple correlations with the H-bond strength is evident.     

Behavior on the real line of entire functions represented by Dirichlet series with complex exponents

It is shown, in particular, that if _{n k} when n k, Re _n > 0, and , then an entire function F that is bounded on the real line and represented by a Dirichlet series d_n exp (_nz) that is uniformly and absolutely convergent on each compactum in is identically zero.Translated from Ukrainskii Matematicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 882–888, July, 1990.     

Electron Emission from Clean Solid Surfaces by Fast Ions

Total backward electron yields from 27 elemental, non-crystalline, clean solids were measured during bombardment by H⁺-, H-, H-, He⁺- and Ar⁺-ions in the energy range from 100 keV to 800 keV. The yields were found to exhibit an oscillatory dependence on the atomic number of the target material correlated with the periods of the periodic system. These Z₂-oscillations are relatively insensitive to the type of projectile and the impact energy at the high projectile energies of this experiment. Present theories of electron emission cannot explain the main experimental results. The reasons for this failure are discussed.     

Analysis, synthesis, and perception of voice quality variations among female and male talkers

Voice quality variations include a set of voicing sound source modifications ranging from laryngealized to normal to breathy phonation. Analysis of reiterant imitations of two sentences by ten female and six male talkers has shown that the potential acoustic cues to this type of voice quality variation include: (1) increases to the relative amplitude of the fundamental frequency component as open quotient increases; (2) increases to the amount of aspiration noise that replaces higher frequency harmonics as the arytenoids become more separated; (3) increases to lower formant bandwidths; and (4) introduction of extra pole zeros in the vocal-tract transfer function associated with tracheal coupling. Perceptual validation of the relative importance of these cues for signaling a breathy voice quality has been accomplished using a new voicing source model for synthesis of more natural male and female voices. The new formant synthesizer, KLSYN88, is fully documented here. Results of the perception study indicate that, contrary to previous research which emphasizes the importance of increased amplitude of the fundamental component, aspiration noise is perceptually most important. Without its presence, increases to the fundamental component may induce the sensation of nasality in a high-pitched voice. Further results of the acoustic analysis include the observations that: (1) over the course of a sentence, the acoustic manifestations of breathiness vary considerably--tending to increase for unstressed syllables, in utterance-final syllables, and at the margins of voiceless consonants; (2) on average, females are more breathy than males, but there are very large differences between subjects within each gender; (3) many utterances appear to end in a "breathy-laryngealized" type of vibration; and (4) diplophonic irregularities in the timing of glottal periods occur frequently, especially at the end of an utterance. Diplophonia and other deviations from perfect periodicity may be important aspects of naturalness in synthesis.     

A numerical analysis of chaotic behaviour in Bianchi IX models

In this paper we investigate the chaotic behaviour of the Bianchi IX cosmological models using techniques developed in the study of dynamical systems and chaotic behaviour. We numerically calculate the Lyapunov exponent, , and show that instead of converging to a constant value, it decreases steadily. We study this effect further by studying the Lyapunov exponent using short-time averages. We show that the usual method of calculating is invalid in the case of a cosmological model.     

Two-temperature channel model of a direct current arc

A relatively simple method is proposed for computing the gas and electron temperatures in an arc plasmotron channel within the framework of the self-consistent two-temperature channel model of an arc discharge. This method affords the possibility of obtaining the gas and electron temperature distribution with good enough accuracy for given discharge parameters (current intensity in the discharge, power inserted in the discharge, etc.) as a function of the radial coordinate in both nonequilibrium (T_e T_ai) and quasi-equilibrium (T_e = T_ai within the current conducting channel) cases. The results obtained can be utilized in model computations to estimate the gas and electron temperatures as well, possibly, as in a number of engineering computations.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 80–86, July, 1990.The author is grateful to L. A. Rachevskii for useful discussion of results of the research.     

Relativistically covariant chronological ordering of interaction lagrangians

A general form of chronological ordering is proposed, based on introduction of relativistically invariant multipoint step functions (x₁, ..., x_n). A system of recursive relations is established for these functions, which guarantees that the scattering matrix is unitary, covariant, and causal. The explicit form of the first four -functions is found. A comparative analysis of the known methods of chronological ordering is given.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 70–73, May, 1990.