介孔TiO2的水热法制备及其光催化性能

以二钛酸钾(K2Ti2O5)经离子交换得到的无定形水合二钛酸(H2Ti2O5·xH2O)为原料,与葡萄糖溶液在220℃下进行水热反应,再在空气中520℃焙烧,制备出介孔TiO2.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等技术对样品进行了表征.结果表明,该介孔TiO2具有微米级棒状或针状形貌,晶粒大小为12.3 nm,比表面积为106 m2·g-1,孔容为0.31 cm3·g-1,孔径为8.06 nm,焙烧处理后晶型仍是锐钛矿相.水热生成的碳抑制了晶粒的团聚生长和晶型的转变,提高了介孔TiO2的热稳定性.甲基橙降解实验评价了介孔TiO2的光催化性能,结果发现其活性与商用TiO2催化剂P25相当,而其较大的粒径更容易回收再利用.以碘化钾为探针反应,表明介孔TiO2的光催化机制以光生空穴氧化为主.     

材料微结构演化的相场模拟

材料的各种宏观性能与其内部的微观结构密切相关,如何通过控制材料微结构的分布来提高其性能指标一直是工程界与学术界广泛关注的课题。由于场变量在界面的突变,传统的基于局部理论的突变界面模型在描述材料微结构演化方面存在一定的困难。基于非局部理论的相场法采用扩散界面的概念来描述界面,避开了理论上描述突变界面的困难,在模拟材料内部任意的组织形态和复杂的微结构演化方面具有独特的优点。本文首先介绍相场法的热力学理论基础,包括自由移动边界问题、扩散界面模型、非局部能量泛函、相场动力学方程及其常用求解方法。然后重点介绍铁电、铁磁和多铁性材料微结构演化的相场模拟,同时简要介绍相场法在软物质和锂离子电池材料微结构演化模拟中的应用,最后给出总结和展望。     

Laser frequency locking based on the normal and abnormal saturated absorption spectroscopy of ~(87)Rb

We present a practical method to avoid the mis-locking phenomenon in the saturated-absorption-spectrum laserfrequency-locking system and set up a simple theoretical model to explain the abnormal saturated absorption spectrum. The method uses the normal and abnormal saturated absorption spectra of the same transition 5~2S_(1/2), F = 2–5~2P_(3/2), F'= 3 saturated absorption of the ~(87)Rb D_2resonance line. After subtracting these two signals with the help of electronics, we can obtain a spectrum with a single peak to lock the laser. In our experiment, we use the normal and inverse signals of the transitions 5~2S_(1/2), F = 2–5~2P_(3/2), F'= 3 saturated absorption of the ~(87)Rb D_2 resonance line to lock a 780-nm distributed feedback(DFB) diode laser. This method improves the long-term locking performance and is suitable for other kinds of diode lasers.     

PMI复合材料泡沫夹层结构小能量冲击后回弹规律研究

本文对两种不同厚度(4层、8层)的PMI复合材料泡沫夹芯结构进行8J的低速冲击实验。采用三维光学扫描仪(HDI 3D)对冲击后发生的凹坑回弹现象进行90h的监测,并结合Geomagic Qualify三维检测软件对扫描结果进行分析,获得了直观的冲击后位移云图。对不同时刻的凹坑深度进行分析,以回弹速率为标志,对回弹过程进行划分并总结了凹坑深度随时间的变化规律;截取了回弹过程中部分时刻凹坑贯穿截面轮廓,通过参考点对轮廓形貌进行拟合,建立了与所在横截面凹坑最大值相关联的轮廓形貌描述方法。结合破坏性检测的方法,对冲击区域面板及夹芯泡沫的损伤情况进行显微观测,结果表明,夹层板的分层损伤对回弹现象影响较大,但凹坑截面轮廓的形态并不会发生显著改变。     

全景结构光视觉测量通用畸变校正模型

现有的结构光视觉测量系统中,相机和结构光投射器安装在玻璃管内部以实现全景测量,但玻璃管会导致光发生折射而带来畸变。针对上述畸变,分析了光线在两个圆柱形表面折射的过程,研究了两个异面的折射平面所带来的畸变,建立了一种全景结构光视觉测量通用畸变校正模型。采用全景结构光视觉测量系统对内径为288.50 mm的铝管进行测量,基于全景结构光视觉测量通用畸变校正模型计算铝管的内径。实验结果表明,系统的重复性精度为0.047 mm,测量精度为0.23 mm,系统具有较好的稳定性和可靠性,所提出的全景结构光视觉测量通用畸变校正模型具有较高的准确性。     

基于锁相放大的激光尾流场探测技术研究

尾流场是舰船在航行过程中所形成的一个含有大量微气泡而与其他水域所不同的区域,通过对尾流光学特征的研究,提出了一种采用双路锁相放大技术对尾流信号进行检测的方法。该方法利用互相关原理,使输入待测的周期信号与频率相同的参考信号在相关器中实现互相关,从而检测出深埋在噪声中的周期信号携带的信息,为消除激光尾流检测系统中激光器的漂移问题提供了途径,可达到抑制噪声,提高系统检测的灵敏度、可靠性和检测尾流的目的。     

Bow shocks formed by a high-speed laser-driven plasma cloud interacting with a cylinder obstacle

A bow shock is formed in the interaction of a high-speed laser-driven plasma cloud with a cylinder obstacle. Its temporal and spatial structures are observed by shadowgraphy and interferometry. The width of the shock transition region is ～ 50 μm, comparable to the ion–ion collision mean free path, which indicates that collision is dominated in the shock probably. The Mach-number of the ablating plasma cloud is ～ 15 at first, and decreases with time resulting in a changing shock structure. A two-dimension hydrodynamics code, USim, is used to simulate the interaction process. The simulated shocks can well reproduce the observed.     

Application of multi-pulse optical imaging to measure evolution of laser-produced counter-streaming flows

A counter-streaming flow system is a test-bed to investigate the astrophysical collisionless shock(CS) formation in the laboratory. Electrostatic/electromagnetic instabilities, competitively growing in the system and exciting the CS formation, are sensitive to the flows parameters. One of the most important parameters is the velocity, determining what kind of instability contributes to the shock formation. Here we successfully measure the evolution of the counter-streaming flows within one shot using a multi-pulses imaging diagnostic technique. With the technique, the average velocity of the high-density-part(ne ≥ 8–9 × 10~(19)cm~(-3)) of the flow is directly measured to be of ～ 10~6cm/s between 7 ns and 17 ns.Meanwhile, the average velocity of the low-density-part(ne ≤ 2 × 10~(19)cm~(-3)) can be estimated as ～ 10~7cm/s. The experimental results show that a collisionless shock is formed during the low-density-part of the flow interacting with each other.     

第一性原理计算Cu-Cr共掺AlN稀磁半导体

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法,结合广义梯度（GGA）近似对Cr单掺AlN和Cu-Cr共掺AlN的32原子超原胞体系进行几何结构优化,计算它们的晶格常数,能带结构,电子态密度以及光学性质.结果表明Cr单掺AlN和Cu-Cr共掺AlN均表现为半金属性质,带隙变窄,且Cu-Cr共掺体系自旋极化作用较Cr单掺强,材料表现出良好的铁磁性.共掺杂后,光吸收的范围增宽,体系对长波吸收加强,能量损失明显减小.     

Lagrange系统的共形不变性与Hojman守恒量

研究了一般完整Lagrange系统在无限小变换下的共形不变性,推导出共形不变性的确定方程,并且找到在特殊无限小变换下的共形不变性并且是Lie对称性的共形因子,接下来导出Lagrange系统的运动微分方程共形不变时的Hojman守恒量,并给出应用算例. 关键词： Lagrange系统 共形不变性 Hojman守恒量 确定方程