Determination of cadmium,aluminium, and copper in beer and products used in its manufacture by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Procedures were developed for determining cadmium, aluminium, and copper in beer and the products used in its manufacture by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Beer samples were injected into the furnace and solid samples were introduced as suspensions after preparation in a medium containing hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate for cadmium atomization. Calibration was performed with aqueous standards, and characteristic masses and detection limits were, respectively, 1 and 0.3 pg for cadmium, 18 and 5.4 pg for aluminium, and 5.6 and 6.8 pg for copper. Different samples of beer, wort, brewer's yeast, malt, raw grain, and hops were analyzed by the proposed procedures. Cadmium was found in low concentrations (0.001-0.08 microg/g and 0-1.3 ng/mL); copper (3-13 microg/g and 25-137 ng/mL) and aluminium (0.6-9 microg/g and 0.1-2 microg/mL) were found at higher levels. The reliability of the procedure was confirmed by comparing the results obtained with others based on microwave oven sample digestion, and by analyzing several certified reference materials.     

Chiral N-alkyl-2,4,6-triphenylpyridiniums as enantioselective triplet photosensitizers. laser flash photolysis and preparative studies

Three N-alkylpyridinium photosensitizers having chiral alkyl groups have been prepared by reacting 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate ion with (1R,2S)-(-)-norephedrine, (S)-(+)-2-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine, and (R)-(-)-1-cyclohexylethylamine. Laser flash photolysis allows detection of the corresponding triplet excited states that are quenched by hydrogen atom donors and electron donors. Asymmetric quenching of the chiral triplet excited state was observed using enantiomerically pure 1,2-diamino cyclohexane as quencher. Low enantiomeric excess values (up to 7%) were measured for the photochemical cyclization of 5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid to its corresponding gamma-lactone using these chiral N-alkylpyridinium as photosensitizers.     

A continuous flow system design for simultaneous determination of heavy metals in river water samples

A new design of a continuous flow system applied to the simultaneous determination of the concentration of zinc(II), cadmium(II), lead(II), copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II) and chromium(VI) in river water is described. A flow cell made in the laboratory, which has been patented, based on a 'wall-jet' configuration with a three-electrode system is described. Optimum conditions for the determination of the metal ions are reported. The detection limits and relative standard deviation values were 4.01x10(-9) M and 0.078 for Zn(II), 1.76x10(-10) M and 0.056 for Cd(II), 4.69x10(-10) M and 0.134 for Pb(II), 2.29x10(-10) M and 0.138 for Cu(II), 1.61x10(-9) M and 0.093 for Ni(II), 1.91x10(-9) M and 0.113 for Co(II), and 1.35x10(-9) M and 0.081 for Cr(VI). The procedure was applied to a sample of water from the Arlanzón river and the results were compared with inductively coupled mass plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS) as reference method. The final aim of this work is to design a flow system, which can be automated.     

The first immobilization of pyridine-bis(oxazoline) chiral ligands

[formula: see text] A chiral pyridine-bis(oxazoline) ligand, functionalized with a vinyl group in the pyridine ring, can be polymerized with styrene and divinylbenzene to obtain supported chiral ligands. As proof of the usefulness of this supported ligands, the corresponding ruthenium complexes are catalysts for the cyclopropanation reaction of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate with up to 85% ee.     

Preliminary characterization of anhydrous ethanol used in Brazil as automotive fuel

This work reports preliminary studies on the characterisation of anhydrous ethanol (AEA) used as an automotive fuel mixed with gasoline in Porto Alegre (South Brazil). Pre-concentration of the impurities contained in 1000 ml of AEA was carried on through solid-phase extraction using XAD4 resin. The main compounds in the extract were identified by means of spectral data from the library of the equipment. The concentrate was then fractionated using a preparative liquid chromatographic column filled with activated silica gel and the elution procedure was carried out with, n-hexane, n-hexane-benzene (1:1, v/v) and dichloromethane. Prior to analysis by GC-MS, each fraction was reduced to 1 ml with a gentle stream of nitrogen. Saturated linear hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons eluted in the first fraction and oxygenated compounds such as aldehydes. ketones and alcohols, eluted in the second one. were the main compounds detected in the sample.     

Stereoselective syntheses of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-octitols and novel tetrahydroxyindolizidines

A new route for the preparation of four new indolizidines, (1R,2S,6S,7S,8aS)- and (1R,2S,6R,7R,8aS)-1,2,6,7-tetrahydroxyindolizidine (30 and 32) and (1S,2R,7S,8S,8aR)- and (1S,2R,7R,8R,8aR)-1,2,7,8-tetrahydroxyindolizidine (44 and 46), is reported. The synthesis is based on Knoevenagel homologation of the readily available enantiomerically pure pyrrolidin-carbaldehydes 13 and 37followed by asymmetric dihydroxylation of the subsequent alkenyl pyrrolidines and cyclization of the corresponding imino-octitols. The new indolizidines and their precursors (imino-octitols 20, 25, 26) and indolizidinones 28a and 28b have been tested for inhibitory activities toward 26 glycosidases. The enzymatic inhibition of trans-7-hydroxy-d-(-)-swainsonine (44) toward alpha-mannosidases is similar to that described for trans-7-hydroxy-l-(+)-swainsonine (11b) toward naringinase (alpha-l-rhamnosidase from Penicillium decumbens).     

A comparative study of the correction of systematic errors in the quantitation of pyrethroids in vegetables using calibration curves prepared using standards in pure solvent

A comparative study of two mathematical approaches was performed in order to correct systematic errors due to the presence of the unexpected interferences which appear when the quantitation of the analyte in real samples is carried out with calibration curves built using standards in pure solvent. These methods consisted in the establishment of different mathematical expressions which transform the concentration (Cs) obtained using calibration graphs built using pure solvent into the corrected concentration (C(M)) that should be obtained if the quantitation is carried out with calibration curves built using standards dissolved in blank matrix extracts. In the two approaches the correction is performed from the results of an intermediate precision study which was carried out using both calibration graphs (prepared using pure solvent and blank matrix extract). By using ANCOVA to compare the slope of both solvent-based and matrix-matched calibration graphs, matrix effect was found in the determination of deltamethrin in tomato and acrinathrin in tomato and pepper. In these cases, both approaches led to good results.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a New Zn(II) Nitronyl Nitroxide Complex [Zn(NIT4Py)(PDA)(H2O)3]

1 INTRODUCTION Nitronyl nitroxides, independently or in combina- tion with metal ions, have been one of the most wi- dely studied systems in molecular magnetism for understanding radical-radical or metal-radical inte- ractions as well as for synthesizing organic ferroma- gnets and metal-radical magnetic materials[1～4]. Up to now, lots of metal-radical complexes have been reported[5～8]. On the other hand, cooperative inter- molecular interactions, such as coordination bonds, hydrogen bon…     

Structure and bonding in monomeric iron(III) complexes with terminal oxo and hydroxo ligands

We report on the structure and bonding in the title iron(III) complexes, containing the tris[(N'-tert-butylureayl)-N-ethyl]amine ligand, with density functional theory techniques. In agreement with the experimental data, a high-spin electronic state is favored for all of the systems we considered. H bonds between the terminal oxo and hydroxo ligands and NH groups present in the organic ligand coordinated to the metal have a remarkable effect on the overall coordination geometry. In fact, the structure of model complexes without H bonds shows shorter Fe-O bond lengths. This is a consequence of the ability of the H bonds to stabilize a remarkable amount of electron density localized on the terminal oxo and hydroxo ligands. Energy analysis indicates that each H bond stabilizes the nonheme complexes by roughly 35 kJ/mol. Molecular orbital analysis indicates a reduction of two Fe-O bonding electrons on going from a complex with a terminal oxo ligand to a complex with a terminal hydroxo ligand. This reduction in the number of bonding electrons is also supported by frequency analysis.