光学装调中的一种基于猫眼效应的焦距测试方法北大核心CSCD

在光学系统装调中,由于光学元件的面型误差、加工误差等影响因素的存在,使待装调的光学系统的装调失调量并非为一个确定的准值,而是一个范围值,在失调量范围内,可能存在不止一组Zernike系数符合要求,即以像差值为判据的装调结果的解不唯一,需要对光学系统的其他参数进行测试判断光学系统在装调阶段是否满足技术要求。介绍了一种在装调过程中,当各项像差的Zernike系数接近设计时,利用干涉仪、分划板、五棱镜、经纬仪等设备,在波前测试光路中采用猫眼效应进行装调过程中的光学系统焦距的测试方法,通过光学系统的波像差和焦距值两种测试结果判断装调工作是否符合要求。经过实际装调过程中的应用验证了该方法的有效性,在光学系统的装调过程中将焦距值控制在±0.5%以内。     

质子交换膜燃料电池铂基催化剂研究进展北大核心CSCD

燃料电池是一种将化学能直接转化为电能的能量转换装置,具有能量密度高、利用率高、清洁安静等优点。在不同类型的燃料电池中,质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)不仅能量密度高,而且具有在近常温条件下工作的特点,因此受到广泛关注。目前,商业化PEMFC仍采用铂基纳米材料作为催化剂,其中缺乏低成本、高效的阴极催化剂是限制PEMFC性能提升和成本降低的关键因素之一。本文综述PEMFC催化剂的结构可控制备及其对阴极氧还原反应和膜电极性能的影响,阐述调控催化剂结构提高PEMFC性能的方法,特别是提高贵金属催化剂的利用率,降低膜电极中贵金属用量的研究进展。     

基质固相分散气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定葡萄酒中5种农药残留

采用基质固相分散的样品前处理方法,替代传统的液-液萃取、固相萃取,从葡萄酒中提取、净化5种农药,气相色谱电子捕获检测器分析测定,基质匹配标准校正方法补偿基质效应。添加3水平(0.01-0.10mg/L)的回收率为85.7%-104.6%;相对标准偏差为3.6%-8.5%;检出限达到0.1-0.8μg/kg。本方法可用于葡萄酒样品中农药残留的测定。     

大型先进压水堆中次锕系核素嬗变特性

随着核电事业的快速发展,核电厂卸载的乏燃料越来越多。如何处置核电站乏燃料中的次锕系核素（MA）既是核燃料再利用的重要过程,又是闭式循环中的关键步骤。如果处置得当,不仅可以提高燃料的利用率,而且可以将MA变成同位素燃料电池、中子源等有用的核素。国际上认可的处置方法是分离-嬗变,但是嬗变MA的难点是嬗变堆型的选取和如何提高嬗变率。压水堆(PWR)是国内外最成熟的堆型和商业运行的主要堆型,也是现阶段最具有可能进行MA嬗变的堆型。于是,本文利用MCNP程序研究了压水堆嬗变MA的特性,通过研究MA嬗变棒的设计、添加位置和添加量等对压水堆堆芯有效增殖因子的影响,初步探索出最佳的压水堆嬗变MA的设计方案,为我国现阶段进行压水堆嬗变MA奠定了理论基础。     

采用四分之一波长谐振器的P波段高温超导滤波器研制

本文采用四分之一波长螺旋型谐振器设计并制作了6节P波段高温超导滤波器.谐振器一端开路,另一端与接地块连接实现短路.接地块与封装盒的盒壁之间通过点焊硅铝丝进行连接.通过电磁场仿真分析了硅铝丝的数量对滤波器性能的影响.滤波器未经调谐的测试结果与仿真结果符合得很好,其通带内最小插损仅为0.07dB,反射损耗优于17.9dB,且第一个寄生通带位于基频中心频率的三倍处.表明通过硅铝丝点焊实现接地的方法对滤波器性能的影响很小,且采用四分之一波长谐振器可以有效抑制二倍频.     

Nano-Crystalline Diamond Films with Pineapple-Like Morphology Grown by the DC Arcjet vapor Deposition Method

A nano-crystlline diamond film is grown by the dc arcjet chemical vapor deposition method. The film is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）, x-ray diffraction （XRD） and Ftaman spectra, respectively. The nanocrystalline grains are averagely with 80hm in the size measured by XRD, and further proven by Raman and HRTEM. The observed novel morphology of the growth surface, pineapple-like morphology, is constructed by cubo-octahedral growth zones with a smooth faceted top surface and coarse side surfaces. The as-grown film possesses （100） dominant surface containing a little amorphous sp2 component, which is far different from the nano-crystalline film with the usual cauliflower-like morphology.     

质子数Z 分别位于Ru 之上和之下的A~(100~126) 丰中子原子核三轴形变在原子核形状变迁和共存中的重要作用(英文)

基于Ru (Z = 44) 丰中子同位素中存在最大三轴形变的理论预言和实验证据,综述了近年来Rh (Z = 45),Pd (Z =46), Ag (Z =47), Cd (Z =48)(质子数Z 位于Ru,Z =44 之上)及Zr (Z =40), Nb (Z =41), Mo (Z =42),Tc (Z =43)(质子数Z 位于Ru,Z =44 之下) 的A~ (100~126) 丰中子同位素中关于三轴形变的形状变迁和形状共存系统性研究的重要进展。252Cf 自发裂变瞬发 射线-- 三重符合、特别是新建立的--- 四重符合数据的系统观测和研究,在Ru, Pd, Cd 和Nb 丰中子同位素中显著扩展或首次观测到了一系列能带,为这个核区原子核形状的研究提供了新的、重要的实验数据。联系此前报道的有关进展,使用PES, TRS, PSM, CCCSM 和SCTAC 理论模型计算拟合新的实验数据,在该核区沿同中素和同位素链,并随自旋和激发能变化各自由度,跟踪原子核形状渐进变化,获得了新的系统性研究成果,显著扩展和深化了人们对原子核形状变迁和形状共存的认知。对于Ru 及其上的Rh (Z = 45), Pd (Z = 46), Ag (Z = 47) 和Cd (Z = 48) 丰中子同位素的研究表明:Rh 丰中子核具有比最大值稍小的三轴形变,γ = 28°,并在103{106Rh 同位素链上鉴别出了手征对称破缺;在三轴形变核112Ru和114Pd(N = 68)中发现了三轴原子核的摆动运动,该摆动运动也可能在114Ru (N = 70)中存在;观察到了从具有最大三轴形变的110,112Ru 中手征破缺到稍小三轴形变的112,114,116Pd 中扰动的手征破缺的过渡;在较软的Ag 核中观察到了丰富的谱学结构,在104,105Ag 中鉴别出了可能的手征对称破缺,在较重的115,117Ag 中提出了趋于三轴形变的软度;具有小形变的Cd核的能级结构被解释为准粒子耦合、准转动和软三轴形变;最近的库伦激发的研究提供了Z = 50, N = 82满壳附近122,124,126Cd 核中出现核集体性的实验和理论证据;上述研究成果展现出从Ru中的最大三轴形变(γ=30°,三轴形变极小增益为0.67 MeV), 经具有大三轴形变的Rh核γ=28°),到Pd核中的稍小、但稳定于中等自旋到高自旋区的三轴形变(γ~41°,三轴形变极小增益为0.32 MeV),再经Ag核中的软度,最后到具有很小形变、但仍出现集体性质、包括软三轴形变的Cd核的过渡。对于Pd核转动带交叉系统性的研究揭示了其第一带交叉(νh_11/2)2 中子转动顺排的上行驱动,和第二带交叉(πg_9/2)2质子转动顺排的下行驱动效应,成功地解释了114Pd 中的三轴摆动运动,并给出了110-118Pd同位素链中理论早已预言、而比早期理论预言更为完整准确的形状渐进变迁和形状共存的图像。根据该核区的系统研究,发现最大三轴形变出现在112Ru,而在相邻的偶Z(Pd)同位素链,三轴形变极小的中心在114Pd, 两者均为N = 68。上述系统性研究沿相邻的Ru和Pd偶Z同位素链,在N =68同中素中鉴别出最大三轴形变,均比理论预言的108Ru 和110Pd 多4个中子。在Z值位于Ru (Z = 44) 之下的Zr (Z = 40), Nb (Z = 41), Mo (Z = 42) and Tc (Z = 43) 丰中子同位素中,Y和Zr核具有很强的轴对称四极形变,而在较重的Zr同位素中出现了自由度;较重的Nb核(A = 104~106) 基态具有中等程度的软三轴形变和强四极形变,随着自旋和激发能的增加,过渡到接近于轴对称的强四极形变;而较轻的Nb核(A≤103) 基态均接近轴对称形状;在Nb同位素链上基态由球形到强四极形变的形状突变发生在100Nb(N = 59),在100-106Nb同位素链中基态的软三轴形变随中子数增加而增加;在Nb核中还观察到关于软三轴形变的形状共存;Mo核具有大的三轴形变,观察到了振动和手征对称破缺;Tc核具有比最大值稍小的三轴形变,γ=26°,并观察到了手征对称破缺。质子数Z从41到48的A~(100~126)丰中子同位素,特别是Pd和Nb 同位素,呈现出关于三轴形变的过渡特征。This paper reviews the systematic investigations and understanding for the shape transitions and coexistence with regard to triaxial deformations in A s 100 to 126 neutron-rich Rh (Z = 45), Pd (Z = 46), Ag (Z = 47), Cd (Z = 48) and Zr (Z = 40), Nb (Z = 41), Mo (Z = 42), Tc (Z = 43) isotopes with Z beyond and below Ru (Z = 44), respectively, in Ru the maximal triaxial deformation having been predicted and deduced. The recent measurements and studies of prompt triple- and four-fold, γ-γ-γ and γ-γ-γ-γ, coincidence data from the spontaneous fission of 252Cf using Gammasphere have yielded considerable expansion and extension or first observation of the bands in Ru, Pd, Cd, and Nb isotopes,which provided important data for the studies of nuclear shapes in this region. Combined with previous investigations, recent systematic studies of the new data well reproduced by PES, TRS, PSM, CCCSM and SCTAC model calculations have traced shape changes along the isotonic and isotopic chains, respectively,and with changing excitations/spins as well, significantly expanding our knowledge of shape transitions/coexistence in nuclei.For the neutron-rich Ru and beyond, Rh, Pd, Ag and Cd isotopes, triaxial deformations γ= 28°,slightly smaller than the maximal value, were deduced in Rh (Z = 45) isotopes, with chiral symmetry breaking proposed in 103-106Rh; onset of wobbling motions were identified in 112Ru and 114Pd (N =68),and probably also in 114Ru (N =70); evolution from chiral symmetry breaking in 110,112Ru with maximal triaxial deformations to disturbed chirality in 112,114,116Pd with less pronounced triaxial deformations was proposed; rich nuclear structure was proposed in soft Ag isotopes with possible chiral doubling structure suggested in 104,105Ag, and softness towards triaxial deformation proposed in heavier 115,117Ag;quasi-particle couplings, quasi-rotations and soft triaxiality were suggested in Cd (Z =48) isotopes with small deformations; onset of collectivity was recently suggested in 122,124,126Cd in the vicinity of Z =50 and N = 82 closed shells by studies of Coulomb excitations; shape evolutions from maximal triaxial deformations in Ru (γ=30°, with triaxial minimum energy gain of 0.67 MeV), through Rh with large triaxial deformations ( γ=28°), to less pronounced triaxiality in Pd (with triaxial minimum energy gain of 0.32 MeV), then soft triaxiality in Ag, and finally to slightly deformed Cd isotopes but with emergence of collectivity and soft triaxiality were proposed. The systematic studies of the band crossings in Pd revealed up-rising drivings of the first band crossings caused by (νh_11/2)2 and down-sloping drivings of the second band crossings by (πg_9/2)2, explained the onset of wobbling motions in 114Pd,and showed a long-sought picture of shape evolution and coexistence in the Pd isotopic chain which is more complete but complex than earlier predictions. Based on the systematic studies in the mass region,maximal triaxial deformation is found to be reached in 112Ru and less-pronounced triaxiality centered at 114Pd, both for N =68, four neutrons more than predicted in earlier theoretical calculations.In the neutron-rich Zr (Z =40), Nb (Z =41), Mo (Z =42) and Tc (Z =43) isotopes with Z just below Ru, large quadrupole deformations of axially symmetric shapes were deduced in Y and Zr isotopes, with emergence of the degree of freedom having been suggested for heavier Zr isotopes; medium triaxial deformations were deduced for the ground states of heavier (A > 104) Nb isotopes, and, with increasing excitations and spins, evolution from medium triaxial deformations with strong quadrupole deformations at ground states to nearly axially-symmetric shapes were deduced; light Nb isotopes (A6103) have near axially-symmetric shapes with strong quadrupole deformations; combining with the identification of onset of strong quadrupole deformation at 100Nb in the Nb isotopic chain, an increase of soft triaxiality with increasing neutron number was proposed in 100-106Nb. Shape coexistence with regard to soft triaxiality is also proposed in Nb isotopes; large triaxial deformations, vibrations and chiral doublets were proposed in Mo isotopes; chiral doubling and large triaxial deformations (γ ~26°) slightly smaller than the maximal triaxiality were suggested in Tc isotopes.The neutron-rich nuclei with Z ranging from 41 through 48 and A ~100 to 126, especially the Pd and Nb isotopes are thus found to be transitional nuclei with regard to triaxiality.     

衍射光学元件的解析分析方法

从波动光学传播的菲涅尔衍射出发，探讨一次光学转换形成任意要求的图形的问题。导得两平行传播平面的函数关系，从而在确定像面分布的条件下可以逆求出原始面的振幅与倍相分布。文中给出了几个实例，充分表明这是有实用价值的一种衍射光学元件设计方法。     

新铸光谱标样的制备和定值分析结果

本文叙述了新铸铝光谱标样的制备过程，制备出的标样具有工艺先进，化学成分均匀，定值准确及校准曲线啮合系数高等特点。通过试用分析，结果与化学仲裁分析结果相符，很好地满足了光谱分析铸造铝合金化学成分对标样的需求。     

用数学眼光看世界

题在某人流量较大的街道，有一中年人吆喝“送钱喽!”只见他手拿一黑色小布袋，袋中有且只有3个黄色和3个白色乒乓球(体积、大小、质地完全相同)，旁边立一块小黑板上写：