与地震预测预报有关的几个物理问题

文章简要介绍了与地震预测预报有关的几个物理问题,包括地震活动性问题、地球深部物质的物理性质及其变化问题、地球深部的流体问题、地震破裂问题、地球深部的形变和应力问题.这些问题的研究涉及当代物理学的一前沿领域.唐山大地震后30年来有诸多重要进展.     

Observation of Nano-Dots on HOPG Surface Induced by Highly Charged Arq+ Impact

Highly charged ions （HCIs） have huge potential energy due to their high charge state. When a HCI reaches a solid surface, its potential energy is released immediately on the surface to cause a nano-scale defect. Thus, HCIs are expected to be useful for solid-surface modifications on the nano-scale. We investigate the defects on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite （HOPG） surface induced by slow highly charged Ar^q＋ ions with impact energy of 20-2000qeV with scanning probe microscopy （SPM）. In order to clarify the role of kinetic and potential energies in surface modification, the nano-defects are characterized in lateral size and height corresponding to the kinetic energy and charge state of the HCIs. Both the potential energy and kinetic energy of the ions may influence the size of nano-defect. Since potential energy increases dramatically with increasing charge state, the potential energy effect is expected to be much larger than the kinetic energy effect in the case of extremely high charge states. This implies that pure surface modification on the nano-scale could be carried out by slow highly charged ions. The mean size of nano-defect region could also be controlled by selecting the charge state and kinetic energy of HCI.     

基于Boost闭环控制的恒峰值双极性脉冲发生器的研制北大核心CSCD

在肿瘤消融、污水处理等领域的脉冲功率技术应用中,研究发现双极性电脉冲往往比单极性电脉冲效果更佳,这极大地刺激了双极性高压脉冲电源的研发需求。设计了一台基于Boost闭环控制的恒峰值双极性脉冲发生器,该发生器结合boost电路与Marx发生器的特点,实现了具有升压功能的双极性脉冲的产生,且利用峰值检测电路对双极性脉冲发生器的输出峰值进行取样,并反馈到DSP处理器,实现峰值电压闭环控制,从而实现双极性脉冲恒定峰值的输出。为了验证提出的拓扑电路的可行性与稳定性,对5级恒峰值双极性脉冲发生器进行了仿真和实验研究。实验结果表明,当输入电压在100 V时,可产生重复频率5 kHz、脉冲宽度5~10μs、电压幅值为±2.0 kV的恒峰值双极性脉冲波形。该脉冲电源使用模块化设计,便于级联,结构紧凑,可灵活输出恒峰值的双极性或单极性正(负)脉冲。     

铝-钨丝混编阵的Z-箍缩实验研究

利用铝丝和钨丝混合编制的丝阵作为Z箍缩的负载，在俄罗斯Kurchatov研究所的S300强流装置上对其Z箍缩过程进行了实验研究，并与纯铝丝阵和纯钨丝阵的实验结果进行了比较.不同材料组成的丝阵的Z箍缩x射线能谱之间有明显差异，混编丝阵的铝K壳层的x射线辐射强度比纯铝丝阵的弱，在纯钨丝阵Z箍缩中没有发现波长小于1.6nm的线辐射.混编丝阵Z箍缩的x射线发光区域比纯铝丝阵的小，但比纯钨丝阵的大,混编丝阵的x射线产额比纯铝丝阵的大，但比纯钨丝阵的略低.在驱动电流为2.5—2.8MA条件下，Z箍缩的径向收缩比为4—5，x射线辐射脉冲脉宽为25ns左右，峰值为0.3—0.5TW，总能量为10—20kJ.激光探针的阴影像显示了丝阵等离子体形成的细致过程，还表明了等离子体的边界面不够清晰，其不稳定性有明显的发展，内部有丰富的结构. 关键词： Z箍缩 混编丝阵 S300强流装置     

Ultrafast multiplex CARS investigation of vibrational characteristics in chloroform and PMMA

This paper demonstrates the femtosecond time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering by using folded BOXCARS geometry where an ultrashort broadband coherent white light continuum was used as Stokes pulse, and carries out the non-contact detection at long distance. The CARS signal is so easy to be detected that it can be seen even by nude eye. The C--H bonds of chloroform or PMMA were detected and the vibration modes belonging to the side chain and the main chain in PMMA were also compared. Their vibrational characteristics involved decay process and quantum beating were discussed. This modified CARS experimental technique could make up the deficiency of traditional CARS technique.     

拉曼光谱分析人类单个血小板的类胡萝卜素

应用拉曼光镊对人的单个血小板细胞(Plt)进行拉曼光谱收集与分析.拉曼信号显示,人类血液成分中,血小板的类胡萝卜素浓度最高.虽然类胡萝卜素在人类血小板中普遍存在,但是单个血小板之间差异极显著,且与血小板的脂类物质、蛋白质含量没有相关性.血小板激活过程引起蛋白质拉曼光谱的变化,而类胡萝卜素基本没有变化;常温(25℃)保存...     

In Situ Tests of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Strength Close to Theoretical Predictions

Using MEMS technology and transmission electron microscopy we show experimentally multiwalled carbon nanotubes with a mean fracture strength of larger than 100 GPa, which exceeds the earlier observations by a factor of approximately 3. These results are in excellent agreement with quantum-mechanical estimations. This performance is made possible by omitting chemical treatments from the sample preparation process, thus avoiding the formation of defects. High-resolution imaging is used to directly determine the number of fractured shells and the ehirality of the outer shell. Electron irradiation at 200keV for 10, 100 and 1800s lead to improvements of the maximum sustainable loads by factors of 2.4, 7.9 and 11.6 compared with non-irradiated samples of similar diameter. This effect is attributed to crosslinking between the shells. This procedure is a cost effective way of customizing the properties of multiwall nanotubes for many applications of interest ranging from nanocomposites to nanodevices.     

关于提高学生計算能力的几点认識和作法

使学生具有准确、迅速、合理地进行有关数值的計算、函数式的恆等变形、解方程和解不等式等技能与技巧,是中学数学的基本任务之一,同时也是一項重要而又艰巨的工作,現将我們在三年来的教学实践中获得的一些初步认識写在下面,請同志們指正。一影响学生的計算能力提高,大致有以下几方面的因素: (一)学生对計算所依据的基本知識(数学教材中的定义、定理、定律、公式、法則、性貭和解題步驟)理解得不够深透、不够全面、不够确切、不够牢固。表現在: 1.对定义、定理、定律、公式、法則和性貭的条件掌握的不全面,运用时发生錯誤。例如对回答“x为何值时,函数 y=tgx·ctgx sinx~(1/sinx)有意义?”一題时,由于忽略等式tgx·ctgx=1成立的条件,誤将函数     

室温空间杜瓦管的制作

在近代科学实验中,强磁场有着越来越重要的作用。超导磁体,由于它的稳态场强高(目前最高场强已达到175kG),耗能小,重量轻,机动性能好等优点,是最理想的强磁场磁体。但是超导磁体必须工作在4 K左右的低温条件下,这对于某些使用是不方便的,某些实验只允许在室温条件下进行,因此往往要求在超导磁体的孔径内造成一个室温空间,这一条件,我们是用室温空间杜瓦管来实现的。     

染印法彩色影片制作原理

正当纪念毛主席《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》发表三十三周年之际,在全国各地正式发行了一批国产染印法彩色影片。这种影片彩色还原好,色彩鲜艳,经过一年多的试发行,效果良好。染印法彩色影片的试制成功,是无产阶级文化大革命的成果,是毛主席的“独立自主、自力更生”方针的又一胜利。它为发展我国彩色影片开拓了一条重要途径。什么是染印法?与多层彩色片又有什么区别?染印法彩色片的制作原理是怎样的?本文试作一深入浅出的科学知识介绍。