Cyclic chronopotentiometry of nickel(II) at mercury electrodes in acidic perchlorate solutions: Case of higher order nonregenerative reactions following electron transfer

The reduction of Ni²⁺ ions at mercury electrodes in acidic perchlorate solutions, at perchlorate concentrations below 0.2 M, is characterized by absence of kinetic control in the preceding step, and by a complex reaction mechanism following the electron transfer. This reaction sequence is known to involve intermetallic compound formation between Ni and Hg and is best described, as shown here, by a parallel second and third order kinetic scheme. Apparent rate coefficients for this kinetic scheme were determined using cyclic chronopotentiometric data and fitting by digital simulation. A linearization test of computed kinetic rate coefficients versus the number of transitions permits quantitative tests of validity of assumptions made.     

Zur Kenntnis der thermischen Zersetzung von Ammoniumhexafluoroscandat,-titanat,-vanadat und-chromat

Thermal analysis supported by kinetic calculations was applied exhaustively to these compounds. Under dynamic conditions, tetrafluorometallates(III), which as intermediates, could not be isolated, for the first three compounds. In each case, the final step was the pure metal(III) fluoride. Ammonium hexafluorochromate(III) decomposed directly to the pure chromium(III) fluoride. The decomposition rate of all compounds slowed down towards the end, probably for kinetic reasons. Polymorphic transitions of ammonium hexafluorotitanate(III) were observed at 35 and 100°C. Ammoniumhexafluoroscandate(III) underwent polymorphic transition at 47°C. The decomposition patterns for all these compounds were similar. Conditions for the preparation of pure ammonium tetrafluorometallates(III) of Sc, Ti and V are described.     

Hybridization in some macrocyclic polyacetylenes

The hybridization in several cyclic polyacetylene compounds has been calculated by the maximum overlap method, assuming planar and non-planar geometries of the molecules. In the planar configuration the hybrids describing the molecular skeleton deviate from the corresponding bond directions. We have a few “bent” bonds, but in contrast to the situation in small rings, here the deviation angles are negative, i.e., the hybrids point toward the inside of the ring. Non-planar structures in which acetylene groups are kept in a plane and CCH₂ or CH₂ groups are displaced out of the plane show less deviation from the bond directions of bent bonds. Furthermore, the deviation angles decrease with an increase in the out-of-plane displacement of methylene groups. Finally, when the angle of bending of the molecules approaches 50°, the deviation vanishes, predicting a puckered conformation for the molecules. Correlation between CC stretching vibration frequencies and the corresponding CC bond overlap is discussed.     

Delphinidin–Aluminum(III) Complexes in Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Media: Spectroscopic Characterization and Theoretical Study

Summary. The study of delphinidin complexation with trivalent aluminum in acidic aqueous buffered (pH 3.0 and 3.8) and methanolic solutions was performed utilizing electronic absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. In its structure delphinidin possesses several chelating sites in competition towards aluminum(III). Molar ratio plots denoted the formation of only one aluminum(III):delphinidin complex of stoichiometry of 1:1 in both investigated media. Semiempirical calculations, performed at the restricted HF AM1 level, enabled the determination of the structural features of free delphinidin and structural modifications caused by chelation of aluminum(III). Considering the pigment molecular structure and the results of the theoretical calculations it is possible to equally implicate C3′–C4′ and C4′–C5′ hydroxyl groups as those with the predominant chelating power.     

Aromatic substitution

It is demonstrated that a previously developed topological expression for the total π-electron energy of aromatic molecules provides a good qualitative account of localization energies. The logarithm of the ratio of the algebraic structure counts for the ground state and the localized reaction intermediate is the principle energy determining factor. This expression fails for hydrocarbons with unusually small HOMO-LUMO separations. An alternative topological expression that includes a correction for this situation provides an excellent non-empirical explanation for the successful empirical use of Dewar reactivity numbers in correlating exact localization energies. The present analysis provides an explanation for the success of the traditional resonance structure counting technique in predicting relative rates of aromatic substitution. The analysis develop applied only to alternant hydrocarbons.     

Gas chromatographic determination of alkali metal O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate present in trace amounts

Summary A gas Chromatographic determination of traces of alkali metal O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioates is described. The salts were converted into a volatile derivative by alkylation with diazomethane. The product was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. With aqueous samples a linear relationship of peak height to amount of salt was obtained in the range 0.04–1 ng and for urine samples a calibration curve was constructed. The detection limit (signal to noise ratio 4/1) was 40 pg of salt. The procedure was successfully used for monitoring phosalone absorption by occupationally exposed persons.

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Zusammenfassung Eine gaschromatographische Bestimmung von Spuren Alkalisalz des Diäthyldithiophosphorsäureesters wurde beschrieben. Die Salze wurden durch Alkylieren mit Diazomethan in ein flüchtiges Derivat übergeführt. Dessen Identifizierung erfolgte mittels eines gaschromatographisch-massenspektrometrischen Systems. In Wasserproben wurde ein lineares Verhältnis der Peakhöhen und der Salzmenge festgestellt und für Urinproben wurde eine Eichkurve ermittelt. Die Nachweisgrenze (Signal zu Rausch 41) wurde bei 40 pg Salz festgestellt. Die Methode wurde für die Kontrolle der Absorption von Phosalon bei beruflich exponierten Personen erfolgreich angewendet.

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Presented at the Fourth International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry (IUPAC), Zürich, July 24–28, 1978.     

IR- und Raman-Spektren einiger Kaliumpentafluorometallate-monohydrate

The IR- and Raman Spectra of several compounds of the stoichiometryM ₂ ^I M ^IIIF₅H₂O and their deuterated analogs have been interpreted on the basis of their crystal structures. The compounds studied were divided into two classes regarding the bonding of water molecules. The main spectroscopic difference between the two classes was found in the region of H₂O vibrations in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The metal—fluorine and metal—oxygene vibrations gave no direct information concerning the two types of water.     

Interactions of silver halide sols with hydrolyzed hafnium species

Summary Coagulation and reversal of charge effects of freshly prepared and heated solutions of hafnium tetrachloride have been studied as a function of the p_H using aged silver halide sols and solsin statu nascendi. It was shown that the critical coagulation concentration and the critical stabilization concentration (due to charge reversal) increased with increasing p_H. These observations have been related to the hydrolysis of the hafnium ion. At p_H values above 4 essentially the entire amount of hafnium is present in the form of the neutral soluble, species Hf(OH)₄. This accounts for the inability of the hafnium solutions to reverse the charge of the sols at higher p_H values. The adsorption measurements carried out with the aid of the radioactive isotope¹⁸¹Hf showed that the neutral hydrolyzed species are strongly adsorbed on negatively charged silver iodide particles. The adsorbed amounts of hafnium on a AgI sol are considerably larger than in the case of charged hydrolyzed ions (such as hydrolyzed thorium ions) on a similar sol. This is explained by the ability of the neutral hafnium species, Hf(OH)₄. to form a close-packed adsorbed layer. The results confirm previous findings that the enhanced adsorption of hydrolyzed ions is caused by the presence of the hydroxyl group, whereas the ionic charge plays a negligible role in this case.

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Zusammenfassung Die Koagulations- und Umladungserscheinungen von frisch dargestellten und durch Erwärmung gealterten Lösungen von Hafniumchlorid wurden an Silberhalogenid-Solen in der Abhängigkeit vom p_H untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die kritische Koagulationskonzentration und die kritische Stabilisationskonzentration (die Umladungsgrenze) mit steigendem p_H höher werden. Diese Beobachtungen wurden durch die Hydrolyse des Hafnium-Ions erklärt. Wenn p_H>4 ist, bestcht nahezu die ganze Menge von Hafnium als neutrale, gelöste Hf(OH)₄ Moleküle. Damit wird es erklärt, daß die Silberhalogenid-Teilchen bei höheren p_H-Werten durch Hafniumsalze nicht umgeladen werden können. Die mittels des radioaktiven Isotopen¹⁸¹Hf durchgeführten Messungen zeigten, daß die neutralen Hf(OH)₄ — Moleküle stark an den negativ geladenen Silberjodid-Teilchen adsorbiert sind. Die adsorbierte Menge per Mol von AgI ist beträchtlich größer als die Menge der geladenen, hydrolysierten Ionen (wie z. B. ThOH³⁺), die an dem gleichen Sol bestimmt wurde. Dieser Effekt ist leicht erklärt, da man mit den neutralen adsorbierten Molekülen eine fest gepackte Adsorptionsschicht bilden kann. Diese Resultate bestätigen die früheren Befindungen, daß die höhere Adsorptionsfähigkeit der hydrolysierten Ionen durch die Hydroxylgruppe verursacht wird, während die Ionenladung eine zu vernachlässigende Rolle spielt.

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Supported by the U.S. Army Research Office (Durham), Grant No. DA-ARO (D)-31-124-G 656.

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Part of a PhD Thesis byL. J. Stryker, supported by a NASA Traineeship.     

Mercury(II) complex with terpyridine: structure of the 2∶1 solvate of [Hg(terpy)2](CF3SO3)2 with acetone

[Hg(terpy)₂](CF₃SO₃)₂·0.5(CH₃)₂CO crystallizes in the triclinic space group witha=14.631(6),b=15.258(4),c=18.785(7) Å, =69.66(2), =70.72(1), =88.55(1)°. The crystal structure consists of two independent [Hg(terpy)₂]²⁺ cations, four trifluoromethanesulfonate anions and an acetone molecule in the asymmetric unit. Each mercury atom is coordinated by two tridentate terpyridine ligands forming an irregular six-coordination polyhedron. The Hg–N bond lengths range from 2.27(2) to 2.53(2) Å.