2H-Indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives: Inhibition on some metabolic enzymes and molecular docking studies

In this study, substituted 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11-trione compounds ( 4a–d ) obtained via one-pot three-component condensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes, cyclic 1,3-dione, and phthalhydrazide in ethanol catalyzed by Y(OTf)₃ showed satisfactory inhibitory effects against some important enzymes. Also, these molecules had K_i values in the row of 185.92 ± 36.03-294.82 ± 50.76 nM vs carbonic anhydrase I (CA I), 204.93 ± 46.90-374.10 ± 83.63 nM against human CA II, 937.16 ± 205.82-1021.83 ± 193.66 nM against α-glycosidase (α-Gly), respectively. For cholinesterase enzymes, the K_i values were found in the range of 47.26 ± 9.62-72.05 ± 19.47 nM against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 65.03 ± 9.88-102.83 ± 25.04 nM against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), respectively. The inhibition effects of these compounds against enzymes whose name are AChE, BChE, α-Gly, hCA I, and hCA II, were compared with control molecules like tacrine, acarbose, and acetazolamide.     

Determination of the surface properties of untreated and chemically treated kaolinites by inverse gas chromatography

Inverse gas chromatography is used to study the surface properties of the untreated and chemically treated kaolinite samples. Changes in the enthalpy of adsorption for a variety of probes and in the surface energy of clays are measured and the effect of modification of the natural clay after chemical treatment with Na₂CO₃ is determined. The surface energy of the natural clay increased by the modification due to an increase in the surface area. It can be concluded that the dispersive component of surface free energy, γ _s ^d , decreases with temperature in the 200–275°C temperature range for both samples. Temperature coefficients of γ _s ^d for untreated and modified kaolinites are −0.1185 and −0.3966 mJ/(m² °C) with the correlation coefficients (R ²) of 0.8479 and 0.965, respectively. From the retention data for polar probes at infinite dilution, information on the accessibility of surface sites to the probes and on the acid-base character of the surface is obtained. The specific free energy of adsorption, the specific enthalpy of adsorption (ΔH ^sp), and the specific entropy of adsorption of polar probes on initial and modified kaolinites are determined. The ΔH ^sp values correlated with the donor numbers and modified acceptor numbers of the probes to quantify the acidity (K _A) and basicity (K _D) parameters of clay surfaces. The values of K _A and K _D for initial and modified kaolinites are determined to be 0.1202 and 0.2803; 0.0130 and 0.0408 with the correlation coefficients of −0.9805 and −0.9782, respectively. The unmodified clay sample indicated a more acidic character, while the modified clay sample conferred a largely basic character. Consequently, the predominant surface basicity of the modified kaolinite agrees with expectation, bearing in mind the treatment with Na₂CO₃, taking into consideration that such a modification contributes to a decrease in the hydrophilicity of the surface and also results in the surface showing only weak Lewis acidity. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11-trione Derivatives Catalyzed by Y(OTf)3

Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry - In this study, substituted 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11-triones, that may possess biological activity, have been synthesized via one-pot...     

Effect of gamma irradiation and storage on lutein and zeaxanthin in liquid,frozen and dried egg yolk samples

The aim of this study was to monitor the effects of gamma irradiation and storage on the content of lutein and zeaxanthin in egg yolk samples. Liquid, frozen and dried egg samples were subjected to gamma irradiation doses of 0, 1, 2 and 3 kGy followed by storage of liquid samples at +4 ± 1 °C for 21 days, frozen samples at ?18 ± 1 °C and dried samples at room temperature for 1 year. The xanthophyll concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. It was observed that concentrations of both lutein and zeaxanthin were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after irradiation and during storage. The mechanism for radiation-induced degradation was proposed as radical formation which initiate chain reactions. It was suggested that during storage active radical species and oxygen caused the degradation.     

Transient response of inhomogeneous thermoelastic media to a dynamic input

A problem involving a half-space or an infinite space with a cylindrical or spherical cavity subjected to a uniform dynamic input on its surface is studied. The material is elastic and has an inhomogeneity in the direction perpendicular to the boundary surface for the half-space problem and an inhomogeneity in the radial direction for the problem with a cylindrical or spherical cavity. The numerical results, obtained when the dynamic input is a step pressure, indicate that the wave profiles are influenced by two kinds of dispersions: one caused by thermal effects and the other by inhomogeneity. The influence of thermal dispersion is observed more pronouncedly along the initial portion of wave profiles. Compared to the homogeneous case the inhomogeneities in which Lamé's constants increase and decrease with the distance measured from the boundary have respectively amplifying and attenuating effects on both the axial stress and velocity.

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Zusammenfassung Das Problem der gleichmässigen dynamischen Belastung an den Grenzen eines halbunendlichen Körpers oder eines unendlichen Körpers mit einem zylindrischen oder sphärischen Halbraum wurde untersucht.Der Körper ist elastisch und enthält Inhomogenitäten, im halbunendlichen Körper in der Richtung senkrecht zur Grenzebene und im unendlichen Körper mit Hohlräumen in radialer Richtung. Die numerischen Ergebnisse, die für eine Belastung nach einer Schritt-Funktion erzielt wurden, zeigen dass die Profile der Ausbreitungswellen von zwei Streuungen beeinflusst sind: die erste ist eine Folge der thermischen Effekte, die zweite eine solche der Inhomogenitäten. Der Effekt der thermischen Zerstreuung ist im anfänglichen Bereich der Profile stärker. Im Vergleich zum homogenen Fall hat die Zu-beziehungsweise die Abnahme der Lamé'schen Konstanten mit dem Abstand von der Grenze erhöhenden beziehungsweise vermindernden Einfluss sowohl auf die axiale Spannung als auch auf die Geschwindigkeit.

     

Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis of boron with a 241Am-Be neutron source

A prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGAA) setup installed at ANRTC has been used to analyze boron. It consists of a 22.6% REGe detector and a 740 GBq ²⁴¹Am-Be neutron source moderated with water and paraffin. At the sample irradiation position, the thermal neutron fluence rate measured was 2.36·10⁴ n·m^–2· s^–1 and the corresponding Cd-ratio was 22 for gold monitor. The absolute detection efficiency in the range of 120–1500 keV was determined using ¹⁵²Eu standard solution. The sensitivity and detection limit for standard boric acid samples has been determined. The boron content in boric acid prepared from Turkish borate ores is measured to be 15.91±0.46% wt.     

Efficiency calibration of an HPGe detector in the 0.1–2.5 MeV energy range for Am-Be neutron source-based PGAA applications

A 740 GBq ²⁴¹Am-Be neutron source based prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) setup in combination with a typical coaxial n-type HPGe detector (REGe) system was used to analyze light elements like H, B, C, N, etc. The absolute full energy peak (FEP) efficiencies of the shielded REGe detector for irradiation and counting geometries and for sources with different sizes (point, ampoule and cylindrical) were measured in the 0.1–2.5 MeV energy range by utilizing calibrated sources (point, liquid and solid). 4th order polynomials were fitted to the experimental data. Efficiencies in far irradiation and counting geometries are compared.