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1.
Cosmic dust and our origins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J Mayo Greenberg 《Surface science》2002,500(1-3):793-822
The small solid particles in the space between the stars provide the surfaces for the production of many simple and complex molecules. Processes involving the effects of ultraviolet irradiation of the thin (hundredth micron) mantles are shown to produce a wide range of molecules and ions also seen in comets. Some of the more complex ones inferred from laboratory experiments are expected to play an important role in the origin of life. An outline of the chemical evolution of interstellar dust as observed and as studied in the laboratory is presented. Observations of comets are shown to provide substantial evidence for their being fluffy aggregates of interstellar dust as it was in the protosolar nebula, i.e. the interstellar cloud which collapsed to form the solar system. The theory that comets may have brought the progenitors of life to the earth is summarized. 相似文献
2.
3.
Arthur Greenberg Oleg P. Charkin Ralph H. Bartram István Hargittai Gyula Beke 《Structural chemistry》1992,3(3):221-224
Unsigned book reviews are by the Book Review Editor. 相似文献
4.
Several studies have reported prevalence rates for voice disorders in school-aged children. Less is known, however, about such prevalence in preschoolers, and whether racial, ethnic, or cultural diversity may influence it. The presence of voice disorders in a total of 2445 African-American and European-American preschool children, 1246 males and 1199 females, from 2 to 6 years of age is reported here. Presence of a voice disorder characterized by hoarseness was identified by a three-prong approach including teacher identification, investigator screening, and parent identification. Speech-language pathologists listened individually to each child's speech as they engaged each child in play-conversation activities. A voice disorder was identified on the basis of the judgment of two speech-language pathologists. Voice disorders characterized by hoarseness were identified in 95 children or 3.9% of the total sample by the investigators. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences for age, gender, or race. 相似文献
5.
A model of the cochlea is explored using as stimuli two simultaneously presented sinusoids of equal amplitude. The model consists of two stages: a linear bandpass filter, followed by a reservoir-type representation of the hair-cell/nerve-fiber complex. Fast Fourier transforms of the model's output were computed. While the amplitudes of the individual response components were strongly nonlinear functions of intensity, the ratio of the magnitudes of the response components at the frequencies of the two stimulating sinusoids was found to be nearly equal, over a wide intensity range, to the ratio of the amplitudes which those stimulating sinusoids possessed at the output of the filter. Thus the reservoir stage exerts "automatic gain control". 相似文献
6.
Baksh MM Dean C Pautot S DeMaria S Isacoff E Groves JT 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2005,21(23):10693-10698
We have characterized, in vitro, interactions between hippocampal neuronal cells and silica microbeads coated with synthetic, fluid, lipid bilayer membranes containing the glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-linked extracellular domain of the postsynaptic membrane protein neuroligin-1. These bilayer-neuroligin-1 beads activated neuronal cells to form presynaptic nerve terminals at the point of contact in a manner similar to that observed for live PC12 cells, ectopically expressing the full length neuroligin-1. The synthetic membranes exhibited biological activity at neuroligin-1 densities of approximately 1 to 6 proteins/microm(2). Polyolycarbonate beads with neuroligin-1 covalently attached to the surface failed to activate neurons despite the fact that neuroligin-1 binding activity is preserved. This implies that a lipid membrane environment is likely to be essential for neuroligin-1 activity. This technique allows the study of isolated proteins in an environment that has physical properties resembling those of a cell surface; proteins can diffuse freely within the membrane, retain their in vivo orientations, and are in a nondenatured state. In addition, the synthetic membrane environment affords control over both lipid and protein composition. This technology is easily implemented and can be applied to a wide variety of cellular studies. 相似文献
7.
A practical method for the separation and purification of cucurbituril (CB) hexamers was developed on the basis of affinity chromatography using aminopentylaminomethylated polystyrene beads. This recyclable resin, which can be used repeatedly, facilitates the general preparation of cucurbituril derivatives and compensates for the usually moderate yields and mixed products that characterize the acid-catalyzed synthesis of CB derivatives. This technique allows convenient, rapid isolation of rare substituted cucurbiturils, including hexacyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril and dodecamethylcucurbit[6]uril. [reaction: see text] 相似文献
8.
Ab initio calculations employing the STO-3G basis set are used to obtain the relative energies of the benzene valence isomers and some selected monosubstituted derivatives. We find that 3,3'-bicyclopropenyl, the least stable of the five (CH)6 examined, is slightly more stable in the anti conformation than the gauche (Φ = 45°) conformation in agreement with experiment. Substituents are calculated to produce significant changes in the relative energies of the benzene valence isomers. The ground-state isomerization of 1-Dewar benzeneearbinyl cation to benzyl cation is more exothermic than the aromatization of Dewar benzene, but is, in contrast to the latter, symmetry-allowed. 相似文献
9.
The C4'-oxidized abasic site (C4-AP) is produced by a variety of DNA damaging agents. This alkali labile lesion can exist in up to four diastereomeric cyclic forms, in addition to the acyclic keto-aldehyde. Synthetic oligonucleotides containing the lesion were prepared from a stable photochemical precursor. Chemical integrity of the lesion containing oligonucleotides was probed using phosphodiesterase lability. Analysis of the 3',5'-phosphate diester of the monomeric lesion released from single diastereomers of photolabile precursors by 1H NMR indicates that isomerization of the hemiacetal and/or hemiketal is rapid. The syntheses and characterization of oligonucleotides containing configurationally stable analogues of C4-AP, which serve as mechanistic probes for deciphering the structural basis of the biochemical and biological effects of the C4'-oxidized abasic lesion, are also described. 相似文献
10.
Two front instabilities in a reaction-diffusion system are shown to lead to the formation of complex patterns. The first is an instability to transverse modulations that drives the formation of labyrinthine patterns. The second is a nonequilibrium Ising-Bloch (NIB) bifurcation that renders a stationary planar front unstable and gives rise to a pair of counterpropagating fronts. Near the NIB bifurcation the relation of the front velocity to curvature is highly nonlinear and transitions between counterpropagating fronts become feasible. Nonuniformly curved fronts may undergo local front transitions that nucleate spiral-vortex pairs. These nucleation events provide the ingredient needed to initiate spot splitting and spiral turbulence. Similar spatiotemporal processes have been observed recently in the ferrocyanide-iodate-sulfite reaction. 相似文献