On Causes of Biological Efficiency of Low-Intensive Millimeter Waves

The process of the ions transport through the biological membrane is considered. A role of air microbubbles efficiently mixing a near-membrane liquid layer in the presence of a temperature gradient is pointed out. These circumstances result in lowering an energy barrier height of the transmembrane ion-transport. It is shown that even low-level irradiation by the millimeter waves creates the temperature gradient, which is enough for effective mixing of near-membrane liquid's layer. It is demonstrated that a process of restoration an equilibrium air-distribution in the intercellar medium after ceasing the microwave irradiation proceeds according to the diffusion mechanism, i.e. rather slow.     

Synthesis of 2,3-trans disubstituted tetrahydrofurans through sequential xanthate radical addition-substitution reactions

A two-step preparation of 2,3-trans disubstituted tetrahydrofuran derivatives is reported from S-alkyl dithiocarbonates. The study of the group transfer reaction from xanthates and alkenes afforded intermediate S-alkyl dithiocarbonates. From 2,3-dihydrofuran derivatives, the displacement of the resulting anomeric xanthates with various nucleophiles in the presence of Lewis acid allowed the formation of new carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. This strategy was illustrated by a two-step synthesis of a precursor of modified 2'-beta-C-branched nucleoside analogues.     

Quantum Dot-Antibody Conjugates for Immunofluorescence Studies of Biomolecules and Subcellular Structures

Journal of Fluorescence - Quantum dots, or nanoscale semiconductors, are one of the most important materials for various research and development purposes. Due to their advantageous...     

Variations of Free Volume of the Air Abundant in the Water by the Millimeter Waves of Low Intensity

We have found that low power millimeter electromagnetic radiation causes an increase in the volume pertinent to the free air abundant in water. This change is caused by the transition of some part of the dissolved air into a bubble state under decreasing dissolubility of the gas due to its thermal heating by the waves. The increase in the free air may occur only under those conditions when there is no convection in the liquid, i.e. in the case of irradiating by means of low-intense waves.     

Change of Volume of Air Dissolved in Water Imposed to Millimeter Waves of Low Intensity

We discuss an experimental evidence for a decrease in the volume of air dissolved in water caused by millimeter electromagnetic waves of low intensity. The changes obtained were much greater than the expected conditioned by a pure thermal effect. The result observed is explained by air bubbles that take an active part in a mechanism of withdrawing dissolved air from water. The variation of restoring the dissolved air volume up to an equilibrium level after ceasing irradiation of water by millimeter waves was investigated as well.     

On Mechanism of Influence of Low Intense Millimeter Waves on Air Content in Water

The two-stage mechanism is offered, on which the millimeter waves rises concentration of free air in water. At first, millimeter waves localize heating in a volume of the sample, creating supersaturated concentration of the dissolved air in a fluid. Then superfluous air diffuses in embryonic microbubbles present in a fluid. The experimental data confirm the mechanism suggested.