We consider a zero-sum stochastic game with side constraints for both players with a special structure. There are two independent
controlled Markov chains, one for each player. The transition probabilities of the chain associated with a player as well
as the related side constraints depend only on the actions of the corresponding player; the side constraints also depend on
the player’s controlled chain. The global cost that player 1 wishes to minimize and that player 2 wishes to maximize, depend
however on the actions and Markov chains of both players. We obtain a linear programming formulations that allows to compute
the value and saddle point policies for this problem. We illustrate the theoretical results through a zero-sum stochastic
game in wireless networks in which each player has power constraints 相似文献
One of the essential differences in the design of bubble pressure tensiometers consists in the geometry of the measuring capillaries. To reach extremely short adsorption times of milliseconds and below, the so-called deadtime of the capillaries must be of the order of some 10 ms. In particular, for concentrated surfactant solutions, such as micellar solutions, short deadtimes are needed to minimize the initial surfactant load of the generated bubbles. A theoretical model is derived and confirmed by experiments performed for a wide range of experimental conditions, mainly in respect to variations in deadtime and bubble volume. 相似文献
Stochastic models with varying degrees of complexity are increasingly widespread in the oceanic and atmospheric sciences. One application is data assimilation, i.e., the combination of model output with observations to form the best picture of the system under study. For any given quantity to be estimated, the relative weights of the model and the data will be adjusted according to estimated model and data error statistics, so implementation of any data assimilation scheme will require some assumption about errors, which are considered to be random. For dynamical models, some assumption about the evolution of errors will be needed. Stochastic models are also applied in studies of predictability.
The formal theory of stochastic processes was well developed in the last half of the twentieth century. One consequence of this theory is that methods of simulation of deterministic processes cannot be applied to random processes without some modification. In some cases the rules of ordinary calculus must be modified.
The formal theory was developed in terms of mathematical formalism that may be unfamiliar to many oceanic and atmospheric scientists. The purpose of this article is to provide an informal introduction to the relevant theory, and to point out those situations in which that theory must be applied in order to model random processes correctly. 相似文献
The temperature dependence of the NMR chemical shift of129Xe dissolved in liquid alkanes is examined in the context of the reaction field model. An essential feature of the theory is the inclusion of the temperature dependence of the density of thesolvent. The theory of free volume for liquids is incorporated into the reaction field model to account for this temperature dependence. Comparison of the theory with previously reported measurements indicates the sensitivity of the129Xe chemical shift to the free volume of liquids. Incorporation of free volume improves the agreement between measurement and theory for branched alkane solvents, and resolves the origin of the 62 ppm intercept in the plot of reaction field as a function of129Xe chemical shift for the n-alkanes. 相似文献
Poly (n-butylisocyanate)-benzene solutions prepared by solubilization at 45°C, followed by aging at room temperature were found to be metastable for months, although, eventually, they separated into a birefringent polymer-rich phase and an isotropic solution. These metastable solutions, as well as isothermally phase-separated biphasic samples, flowed and exhibited dynamic moduli indicative of low polymer connectivity. By contrast samples prepared by a freeze-thaw cycle were uniformly and highly birefringent and showed network (gel) behavior at room temperature. The mechanism of gel formation is most likely the exclusion of the polymer from the benzene crystal during crystallization, forcing the polymer to align and exist at grain boundaries. Films formed from solutions have different moduli than those formed from gels, and are consistent with the proposed mechanism. 相似文献
This paper reviews the properties of the cathode ion flux generated in the vacuum arc. The structure and distribution of mass erosion from individual cathode spots and the characteristics of current carriers from the cathode region at moderate arc currents are described. An appreciable ion flux (~10% of total arc current) is emitted from the cathode of a vacuum arc. This ion flux is strongly peaked in the direction of the anode, though some ion flux may be seen even at angles below the plane of the cathode surface. The observed spatial distribution of the ion flux is expressed quite well as an exponential function of solid angle. The ion flux is quite energetic, with average ion potentials much larger than the arc voltage, and generally contains a considerable fraction of multiply-charged ions. The average ion potential and ion multiplicity increase significantly for cathode materials with higher arc voltages, but decrease with increasing arc current for a particular material. The main theories concerning ion acceleration in cathode spots are the potential hump theory (PH), which assumes that all ions are created at the same potential, and the gas dynamic theory (GD), which assumes that all ions are created with the same flow velocity. Experimental data on the potentials and energies of individual ions indicates that these theories in their original forms are not quite correct, however extensions or modifications of the PH and GD theories seem very likely to be able to predict correct values for the charge states, potentials, and energies of individual ions. 相似文献
Liquid crystal televisions have been employed as spatial light modulators in a variety of optical image processing applications. We have used such devices to develop techniques in speckle metrology for the electronic addition of speckle patterns and the display of speckle correlation, and also for the real-time display of object motion. Factors which affect the performance in terms of the useful working range and the accuracy of displacement measurement are discussed. Some modifications to the LCTV which should increase the potential of these devices as spatial light modulators, when used in both amplitude and phase modulation, are considered briefly. 相似文献