The response of thermally and optically stimulated luminescence from Al2O3:C to high-energy heavy charged particles

The thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) response of Al₂O₃ dosimeters to high-energy heavy charged particles (HCP) has been studied using the heavy ion medical accelarator at Chiba, Japan. The samples were Al₂O₃ single-crystal chips, of the type usually known as TLD-500, and Luxel^TM dosimeters (Al₂O₃:C powder in plastic) from Landauer Inc. The samples were exposed to ⁴He (150 MeV/u), ¹²C (400 MeV/u), ²⁸Si (490 MeV/u) and ⁵⁶Fe (500 MeV/u) ions, with linear energy transfer values covering the range from 2.26 to 189 keV/μm in water and doses from 1 to 100 mGy (to water). A ⁹⁰Sr/⁹⁰Y beta source, calibrated against a ⁶⁰Co secondary standard, was used for calibration purposes. For OSL, we used both continuous-wave OSL measurements (CW-OSL, using green light stimulation at 525 nm) and pulsed OSL measurements (POSL, using 532 nm stimulation from a Nd:YAG Q-switched laser). The efficiencies (η_HCP,γ) of the different HCPs at producing OSL or TL were observed to depend not only upon the linear energy transfer (LET) of the HCP, but also upon the sample type (single crystal chip or Luxel^TM) and the luminescence method used to define the signal—i.e. TL, CW-OSL initial intensity, CW-OSL total area, or POSL. Observed changes in shape of the decay curve lead to potential methods for extracting LET information of unknown radiation fields. A discussion of the results is given, including the potential use of OSL from Al₂O₃ in the areas of space radiation dosimetry and radiation oncology.     

Optically stimulated luminescence and thermoluminescence efficiencies for high-energy heavy charged particle irradiation in Al2O3:C

The thermally and optically stimulated luminescence (TL and OSL) response to high energy heavy-charged particles (HCPs) was investigated for two types of Al2O3:C luminescence dosimeters. The OSL signal was measured in both continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed mode. The efficiencies of the HCPs at producing TL or OSL, relative to gamma radiation, were obtained using four different HCPs beams (150 MeV/u 4He, 400 MeV/u 12C, 490 MeV/u 28Si, and 500 MeV/u 56Fe). The efficiencies were determined as a function of the HCP linear energy transfer (LET). It was observed that the efficiency depends on the type of detector, measurement technique, and the choice of signal. Additionally, it is shown that the shape of the CW-OSL decay curve from Al2O3:C depends on the type of radiation, and, in principle, this can be used to extract information concerning the LET of an unknown radiation field. The response of the dosimeters to low-LET radiation was also investigated for doses in the range from about 1-1000 Gy. These data were used to explain the different efficiency values obtained for the different materials and techniques, as well as the LET dependence of the CW-OSL decay curve shape.     

The response of thermally and optically stimulated luminescence from Al2O3:C to high-energy heavy charged particles

The thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) response of Al₂O₃ dosimeters to high-energy heavy charged particles (HCP) has been studied using the heavy ion medical accelarator at Chiba, Japan. The samples were Al₂O₃ single-crystal chips, of the type usually known as TLD-500, and Luxel^TM dosimeters (Al₂O₃:C powder in plastic) from Landauer Inc. The samples were exposed to ⁴He (150 MeV/u), ¹²C (400 MeV/u), ²⁸Si (490 MeV/u) and ⁵⁶Fe (500 MeV/u) ions, with linear energy transfer values covering the range from 2.26 to 189 keV/μm in water and doses from 1 to 100 mGy (to water). A ⁹⁰Sr/⁹⁰Y beta source, calibrated against a ⁶⁰Co secondary standard, was used for calibration purposes. For OSL, we used both continuous-wave OSL measurements (CW-OSL, using green light stimulation at 525 nm) and pulsed OSL measurements (POSL, using 532 nm stimulation from a Nd:YAG Q-switched laser). The efficiencies (η_HCP,γ) of the different HCPs at producing OSL or TL were observed to depend not only upon the linear energy transfer (LET) of the HCP, but also upon the sample type (single crystal chip or Luxel^TM) and the luminescence method used to define the signal—i.e. TL, CW-OSL initial intensity, CW-OSL total area, or POSL. Observed changes in shape of the decay curve lead to potential methods for extracting LET information of unknown radiation fields. A discussion of the results is given, including the potential use of OSL from Al₂O₃ in the areas of space radiation dosimetry and radiation oncology.     

Determination of the number of atoms trapped in an optical cavity

The number of atoms trapped within the mode of an optical cavity is determined in real time by monitoring the transmission of a weak probe beam. Continuous observation of atom number is accomplished in the strong coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics and functions in concert with a cooling scheme for radial atomic motion. The probe transmission exhibits sudden steps from one plateau to the next in response to the time evolution of the intracavity atom number, from N>or=3 to N=2-->1-->0 atoms, with some trapping events lasting over 1 s.     

Equivalent dose distribution analysis of Holocene eolian and fluvial quartz sands from Central Oklahoma

Holocene quartz sands were collected from fluvial terrace deposits and eolian dune deposits adjacent to the North Canadian and Cimarron Rivers and their tributaries in Central Oklahoma. Single aliquot regenerative dose optically stimulated luminescence techniques were employed to generate equivalent dose (ED) distribution histograms for each sample. We hypothesize that the ED distributions are convolutions of the distribution arising from natural sedimentary processes, influenced primarily by the degree of solar resetting experienced by individual grains, and a distribution due to experimental error. An estimation of the experimental error distribution for each sample was made and this was then deconvolved from the experimentally measured ED distribution to reveal the ‘sedimentary process’ ED distribution. Objective methods for determining EDs, uncertainties, and confidence parameters from the deconvolved distributions are presented.     

Hanle effect measurement of the lifetime of the A 1II state of PN

Hanle effect spectra have been observed for A ¹II PN. PN is generated in a microwave discharge and flowed into a fluorescence cell where it is optically excited by a PN emission lamp. The Hanle effect signal for the ν′ = 0 band is fitted to a calculated signal, determining a radiative lifetime for the band of 227 ± 70 ns.     

Temperatures of Tesla discharges from OH A → X intensity measurements

The OH A²Σ⁺ → X²Π system is used as a diagnostic tool for temperature measurements of Tesla discharges in Ar and He seeded with 0.5 torr H₂O. From relative intensities of low-N′ lines in the 0-0 band we obtain temperatures which are independent of pressure for the range 100–650 torr and which are only a few degrees higher than the estimated wall temperatures. A check on the theoretical line strengths for OH A → X shows 1% agreement for main-branch transitions but only 5% agreement for satellite lines. Self-absorption problems are encountered and corrected for in the He discharge work; from the ≈10% magnitude of the correction, there are significant amounts (8 mtorr) of ground-state OH produced in the He Tesla discharge.     

Second-order Rydberg-Klein-Dunham curves

The exact analytical formulas for radial action of the Kratzer and Davidson rotating vibrators and the WKB approximation for the radial action of Dunham's one-dimensional rotating vibrator have indicated that the form of the action is

$\text{I}{}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{= h[v+}\text{1}\text{2}\text{+?{J(J+1)}]}$

The correctness of this form was verified through use in the Rydberg-Klein method which was analytically applied to energy eigenvalue formulas of both the Kratzer and Davidson rotating vibrators. Exact Kratzer and Davidson potentials were extracted.Dunham's treatment of the one-dimensional oscillator has been shown to produce the same phase integrals through terms of order $\text{(}\text{h}\text{?}\text{(2m)}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^3$ when applied to the radial part of the Schroedinger wave equation. Dunham's analysis is therefore applicable to diatomic molecules through terms of order $\text{h}\text{?}\text{(2m)}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^3$. Furthermore, comparison of Dunham's WKB solution of the Kratzer and Davidson potentials with their quantum mechanically calculated energy eigenvalue formulas indicated a worst case energy difference of about 0.003 cm^?1 for hydrogen. Thus, Dunham's WKB method is highly accurate.The Rydberg-Klein and the Dunham potentials were aligned through second-order terms by using Dunham's method to approximate the classical action. The result was a simple correction to the Klein g function, defined in the text, which came about when the independent variable of the Rydberg-Klein equation was transformed from action to energy.The simple second-order Rydberg-Klein-Dunham (RKD) equations were evaluated for the ground state of hydrogen using Jacobi-Gauss quadrature. Results are compared with those of Davies and Vanderslice who use the semiclassical radial action, $\text{I}{}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{= h(v +}\text{1}\text{2}\text{)}$, instead of the classical radial action, I_r = ∮ p_rdr. Second-order RKD corrections to the turning points are a factor of 2 to 4 smaller than those of Davies and Vanderslice and move the potential curve to the left whereas the Davies-Vanderslice corrections open the curve up. Finally, the value of Y₀₀ is stable for the RKD corrections but varied up to 1.2 cm^?1 for the Davies-Vanderslice corrections as the number of parameters increased from 6 to 9 in an intermediate least-squares fit of the derivative of the effective potential energy to a polynomial in powers of its square root.     

The effects of low ambient temperatures on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) processes: Relevance to OSL dating of martian sediments

Advances in luminescence dosimetry have made geochronological dating of materials from extreme environments possible through the use of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) single-aliquot techniques. However, these environments present challenges not always encountered in routine OSL dating, such as sediments that have been stored at low, and possibly highly variable, ambient temperatures. In recent years OSL has been proposed as a method for dating recent depositional events on surfaces of other planets, specifically, Mars. As a result it has become necessary to examine the constraints that may be imposed on the OSL method by the extreme environments of extraterrestrial planetary bodies. In this paper we report on investigations of the possible effects a low storage and/or a low OSL measurement temperature could have on the OSL process and the subsequent results. Pertinent OSL properties include the stability of electron traps, the overall luminescence efficiency, and possible thermal assistance processes. The particular focus of the work is on the potential application of the OSL technique for dating surface sediments on Mars. We report the results of OSL experiments on martian simulant materials, and of generalized computer simulations of potential OSL behavior. It is concluded that the stimulation and irradiation/calibration temperatures need to be maintained fixed throughout the experiment – i.e. the dose estimation process – and that the temperature during OSL stimulation needs to be appreciably higher than the highest temperature experienced during natural irradiation. The consequences of these findings for establishing an OSL protocol and instrument package for dating martian regolith material are discussed.     

Energy ordering of the B and C states in XeCl,XeBr, and KrCl,from temperature dependence of emission spectra

Inert-gas halide emission spectra from a Tesla discharge are studied as a function of pressure and temperature. From the temperature dependence of the infinite pressure ratio of broad-band (C → A and B → A) emission to B → X emission, the energy separations, T_eC - T_eB, are found to be ?130 cm^?1 (XeCl), ?80 cm^?1 (XeBr) and 375 cm^?1 (KrCl). Estimates of the (C → A)/(B → X) spontaneous emission branching ratios agree well with theoretical predictions.