Formulations and Valid Inequalities for the Heterogeneous Vehicle Routing Problem

We consider the vehicle routing problem where one can choose among vehicles with different costs and capacities to serve the trips. We develop six different formulations: the first four based on Miller-Tucker-Zemlin constraints and the last two based on flows. We compare the linear programming bounds of these formulations. We derive valid inequalities and lift some of the constraints to improve the lower bounds. We generalize and strengthen subtour elimination and generalized large multistar inequalities.     

0.53μm激光辐照金盘靶的光散射机制研究

报道了０．５３μｍ高功率激光辐照金盘靶产生的受激拉曼散射光光谱和散射光谱能量角分布，由散射光角分布计算的散射光能量与实验通过打靶透镜测得的受激拉曼散射能量不符，而且角的分布的实验结果与受激布里渊散射理论也不符。     

强激光在高Z等离子体中吸收的波长关系

利用“神光Ⅰ”输出的～５００Ｊ、１．０５μｍ，～２００Ｊ、０．５３μｍ激光和“星光Ⅱ”输出的～７０Ｊ、０．３５１μｍ激光，实验研究了激光与金圆盘靶作用产生的等离子体对激光的吸收，获得了激光１０°、４５°入射Ａｕ盘靶吸收的波长关系。实验结果与一维平面等离子体吸收模型计算的结果基本相符。     

Development of a validated high-performance thin-layer chromatography method for the standardization of an Ayurvedic formulation using berberine and ursolic acid

Giloy Tulsi tablet is an Ayurvedic preparation containing Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) and it is recommended for boosting the body’s immune response. This research work is about the marker-based standardization of this Ayurvedic preparation using high-performance thin-layer chromatography method. Standardization is based on the determination and quantification of the phytoconstituents berberine and ursolic acid present in Giloy Tulsi tablets. Separation was performed on pre-coated silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ plate as the stationary phase, with chloroform‒acetone‒formic acid (6:3.5:0.5, V/V) as the mobile phase. Identification and quantification were conducted densitometrically at 330 nm. The developed method resulted in good quality peak shape and enabled high-quality resolution of biomarkers. The R_F value for berberine (0.46 ± 0.02) and for ursolic acid (0.68 ± 0.02) in both reference standard and formulation were found to be comparable. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, intra-day and inter-day precisions, accuracy, and robustness. The limit of detection values were 91 and 153 ng/band for berberine and ursolic acid, respectively. The limit of quantification values were 175 and 465 ng/band for berberine and ursolic acid, respectively. Regression analysis of the calibration data revealed a good linear relationship between peak area response and concentration in the range 200‒1000 ng/band for berberine (r² = 0.995) and 500‒2500 ng/band for ursolic acid (r² = 0.9968). The accuracy of the method, determined by measurement of recovery at three different levels, was in the range 98‒102% for both markers. These results are indication of reliability, reproducibility, accuracy, and precision of the method.

     

Phenolic compounds from the aerial parts of Clematis viticella L. and their in vitro anti-inflammatory activities*

Phytochemical investigations on the EtOH extract of Clematis viticella led to the isolation of six flavonoid glycosides, isoorientin (1), isoorientin 3′-O-methyl ether (2), quercetin 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (3), quercetin 3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (4), manghaslin (5) and chrysoeriol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), one phenylethanol derivative, hydroxytyrosol (7), along with three phenolic acids, caffeic acid (8), (E)-p-coumaric acid (9) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (10). The structures of the isolates were elucidated on the basis of NMR and HR-MS data. All compounds were isolated from C. viticella for the first time. Compounds 7 and 8 showed significant anti-inflammatory activity at 100 μM by reducing the release of NO in LPS-stimulated macrophages comparable to positive control indomethacin. Compounds 3 and 7 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity through lowering the levels of TNF-α while 1, 3 and 5 decreased the levels of neopterin better than the positive controls.     

The synthesis,characterization and antibacterial activities of dinuclear Ni(II), Cu(II) and Fe(III) Schiff base complexes

Schiff base; N,N′-bis-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldimine)-1,3-diaminopropanol (napdapOH) reacts with metal chlorides to form dinuclear complexes of the type [M₂L₂] · nCl₂ where M = Ni, Cu, Fe and n = 0, 1. Schiff base complexes were characterized by using FT-IR, LC-MS, magnetic moments and conductance measurements. Coordination was found to be through the phenolic oxygen atoms and azomethine nitrogen atoms. The electronic properties of the compounds were investigated theoretically by performing semiempirical molecular orbital theory PM3 method in Hyperchem 7 (Release). The antibacterial activities of the compounds were investigated against Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, Bacillus subtilis RSKK 244, Bacillus megaterium RSKK 5117, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 by using microdilution method.     

Facile syntheses of (−)-montagnetol and (−)-erythrin

A novel synthetic method is introduced to prepare the biologically important montagnetol and erythrin compounds starting from a 1,3-benzodioxin-4-one, synthesized from commercially available orsellinic acid and erythritol.