Estimation of growth rate in unidirectionally solidified multicrystalline silicon by the growth-induced striation method

Multicrystalline silicon was grown by unidirectional solidification method using the accelerated crucible rotation technique. The application of the accelerated crucible rotation technique in unidirectional solidification method induced growth striations across the axial direction of the grown crystal. This striation pattern was observed from carbon concentration distribution, obtained by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The generated striation pattern was found to be weak and discontinuous. Some striations were absent, probably due to back melting, caused during each crucible rotation. From the growth striations and applied time period in crucible rotation, the growth rate was estimated by using Fourier transformation analysis.     

Integral Representations,Differentiability Properties and Limits at Infinity for Beppo Levi Functions

The first aim in the present paper is to give an integral representation for Beppo Levi functions on R ⁿ. Our integral representation is an extension of Sobolev's integral representation given for infinitely differentiable functions with compact support. As applications, continuity and differentiability properties of Beppo Levi functions are studied.Our second aim in this paper is to study the existence of limits at infinity for Beppo Levi functions. We also consider the existence of fine-type limits at infinity with respect to Bessel capacities, which yields the radial limit result at infinity.     

The fifth overtones of the C-H stretching vibrations and the bond lengths in some heterocyclic compounds

The fifth overtones of the C-H stretching vibrations of pyridine, pyrazine, thiophene, 3-methylthiophene, furan and pyrrole in the liquid state have been observed by a thermal lens technique. It was found that their frequency shifts from that of benzene are proportional to the decrease in the relevant C-H bond length.     

Experimental determination of ionization potentials of tetraphenylporphine and metallotetraphenylporphines

Gas-phase ionization potentials of tetraphenylporphine and some metallotetraphenylporphines have been determined by the method of photocurrent measurements in nonpolar solvents reported previously [1]. The values obtained range from 5.9 to 6.3 eV, depending on the central metal ion, correlating well with the reported polarographic oxidation potentials. It has been concluded that photoelectron ejection from these complexes in isooctane occurs from the porphyrin π-system in all cases including Co(II) tetraphenylporphine, in which the electron is thought to be removed from the metal in polar solvents.     

220-MHz NMR spectra of acrylic monomer–2-substituted 1,3-diolefin alternating copolymers

An investigation by 220-MHz NMR spectroscopy was carried out on the alternating copolymers of acrylic monomer with 2-substituted 1,3-diolefin. The chain structures were determined. The acrylic monomers used were methyl methacrylate (MMA), acrylonitrile (AN), and methacrylonitrile (MAN); isoprene (IP) and chloroprene (CLP) were the 1,3-diolefins. In the MAN–IP alternating copolymer, the 1-position methylene protons of IP showed an AB quartet peak, confirming the α-1 linkage structure. Similarly, in the MMA–CLP and AN–CLP copolymers, the 1-position methylene protons of CLP showed and AB quartet and an ABX pattern, respectively, confirming the α-1 linkage structure in both these cases also. The α-1 linkage structure was also revealed by the decoupling technique in the MAN–CLP alternating copolymer. The AN–IP and MMA–IP alternating copolymers also possess a bond between the α-position of the acrylic monomer and the 1-position of IP. The monomeric units in the alternating copolymers of acrylic monomers with 2-substituted 1,3-diolefins were generally linked at the α-position of acrylic monomer and the 1-position of 1,3-diolefin. On the other hand, in the Diels-Alder adducts of acrylic monomer with 2-substituted 1,3-diolefin, the reaction takes place between the α-position of acrylic monomer and the 4-position of 1,3-diolefin. The regioselectivity of the alternating copolymers and the Diels-Alder adducts is quite compatible with the expectations from molecular orbital theory.     

Single-component nanodiscs via the thermal folding of amphiphilic graft copolymers with the adjusted flexibility of the main chain

Nanodiscs have attracted considerable attention as structural scaffolds for membrane-protein research and as biomaterials in e.g. drug-delivery systems. However, conventional disc-fabrication methods are usually laborious, and disc fabrication via the self-assembly of amphiphiles is difficult. Herein, we report the formation of polymer nanodiscs based on the self-assembly of amphiphilic graft copolymers by adjusting the persistence length of the main chain. Amphiphilic graft copolymers with a series of different main-chain persistence lengths were prepared and these formed, depending on the persistence length, either rods, discs, or vesicles. Notably, polymer nanodiscs were formed upon heating a chilled polymer solution without the need for any additives, and the thus obtained nanodiscs were used to solubilize a membrane protein during cell-free protein synthesis. Given the simplicity of this disc-fabrication method and the ability of these discs to solubilize membrane proteins, this study considerably expands the fundamental and practical scope of graft-copolymer nanodiscs and demonstrates their utility as tools for studying the structure and function of membrane proteins.

A strategy for the fabrication of nanodiscs via the self-assembly of thermoresponsive amphiphilic graft copolymers is demonstrated.     

Alternating copolymers consisting of arylalkyl methacrylates. II. Effect of coil collapse on fluorescence spectra of alternating copolymers of 2-(9-carbazolyl)ethyl methacrylate and aromatic vinyl monomers

Alternating and random copolymers of 2-(9-carbazolyl)ethyl methacrylate with aromatic vinyl monomers were synthesized and their fluorescence properties were compared in good and poor solvents. Contraction of the polymer coils induced the hypochromic effect, i.e., the mutual interaction of the ground-state chromophores, but caused little quenching of their excited state. This is sharp in contrast with the vinyl-type of polymers, exhibiting large interactions in both the ground and excited states. Introduction of bulky groups on the comonomers in the alternating copolymers further suppressed these interactions. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

First preparation and structural determination of 1,1-disubstituted dibenzo[bc,fg][1,4]silathiapentalene derivatives by x-ray crystallographic analysis and MO calculations

1,1-Dimethyldibenzo[bc,fg][1,4]silathiapentalene ( 1a ) was prepared by treatment of 1,9-bis(methyl-sulfinyl)dibenzothiophene with EtMgBr or of dibenzothiophene with n-butyllithium, and then with dimethyl dichlorosilane. The structure of 4,4-dimethyl-dibenzo[bc,fg][1,4]silathiapentalene 1-oxide ( 2 ), obtained by oxidation of compound 1a with mCPBA, was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The structure of compound 2 determined experimentally was compared to the structure obtained by semiempirical molecular orbital calculations (AM1). The MO calculations of compound 1a and its phenyl analog 1b were also performed by AM1 to evaluate their structures. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Efficient deanilidation of phosphoranilidates by the use of nitrites and acetic anhydride

Reagent systems of sodium– and tetrabutylammonium nitrite–acetic anhydride were proved to be extremely efficient for the deanilidation of nucleoside 3′-phosphoranilidates, whose reactions were rapid with the former and instant with the latter. It was further found that the reagent system is applicable to oligonucleotide synthesis provided that the exocyclic amino groups of 2′-deoxyadenosine, 2′-deoxyguanosine, and 2′-deoxycytidine were protected by succinylation.