Laser-induced cavities and solitons in overcritical hydrogen plasma

A picosecond CO₂ laser was used successfully in a number of experiments exploring advanced methods of particle acceleration [1]. Proton acceleration from gas-jet plasma exemplifies another advantage of employing the increase in laser wavelength from the optical to the mid-IR region. Recent theoretical- and experimental-studies of ion acceleration from laser-generated plasma point to better ways to control the ion beam’s energy when plasma approaches the critical density. Studying this regime with solid-state lasers is problematic due to the dearth of plasma sources at the critical electron density ∼10²¹ cm⁻³, corresponding to laser wavelength λ = 1 μm. CO₂ laser offers a solution. The CO₂ laser’s 10 μm wavelength shifts the critical plasma density to 10¹⁹ cm⁻³, a value attainable with gas jets. Capitalizing on this approach, we focused a circular polarized 1-TW CO₂ laser beam onto a hydrogen gas jet and observed a monoenergetic proton beam in the 1–2 MeV range. Simultaneously, we optically probed the laser/plasma interaction region with visible light, revealing holes bored by radiation pressure, as well as quasi-stationary soliton-like plasma formations. Our findings from 2D PIC simulations agree with experimental results and aid in their interpretation.     

Comparison of lead solubility in NaCl crystals from data obtained by different methods

The solvus of the NaCl: Pb²⁺ system was found in the concentration range from 1.5 × 10⁻³ to 1.9 × 10⁻² mol% at temperatures ranging from 375 to 430 °C from the data of flotation measurements of the crystal density. The heat of impurity dissolution equal to 2.0 ± ± 0.6 eV and the change in the vibrational entropy in the formation of the solid solution S_v/K= 20 ± 10 were determined. Reasons for a difference in the estimates of lead solubility in NaCl, obtained from temperature dependences of light scattering and by other methods: measurement of the density, electric conductivity, and the electron-microscopic decoration of the same crystals are discussed.     

Simulation of Simple and Complex Gadolinium Molybdates by the Interatomic Potential Method

Crystals of ferroelectric?ferroelastic gadolinium molybdate Gd₂(MoO₄)₃, calcium molybdate CaMoO₄, and double sodium?gadolinium molybdates of stoichiometric (Na_1/2Gd_1/2MoO₄) and cationdeficient (Na_2/7Gd_4/7MoO₄) compositions, which are used to design solid-state lasers, phosphors, and white LEDs, have been simulated by the interatomic potential method. Their structural, mechanical, and thermodynamic properties are calculated using a unified system of interatomic potentials and effective ion charges, which demonstrated transferability and made it possible not only to describe the existing experimental data but also to predict some important physical and thermodynamic properties of molybdate crystals. The influence of the deviation from stoichiometry and partial ordering of cations on sites in nonstoichiometric crystals on the properties and local structure of sodium?gadolinium molybdates is discussed.     

Growth,Compositions, and Mechanical Characteristics of Sodium–Gadolinium Molybdate Single Crystals

Crystallography Reports - A concentration series of sodium–gadolinium molybdate single crystals have been grown by the Czochralski method from melts of stoichiometric and some...     

On Two-Temperature Problem for Harmonic Crystals

We consider the dynamics of a harmonic crystal in d dimensions with n components, d,n≥1. The initial date is a random function with finite mean density of the energy which also satisfies a Rosenblatt- or Ibragimov–Linnik-type mixing condition. The random function is translation-invariant in x ₁,...,x _d?1 and converges to different translation-invariant processes as x _d →±∞, with the distributions μ _±. We study the distribution μ _t of the solution at time $t \in \mathbb{B}$ . The main result is the convergence of μ _t to a Gaussian translation-invariant measure as t→∞. The proof is based on the long time asymptotics of the Green function and on Bernstein's “room-corridor” argument. The application to the case of the Gibbs measures μ _±=g _± with two different temperatures T _± is given. Limiting mean energy current density is ?(0,...,0,C(T ₊?T _?)) with some positive constant C>0 what corresponds to Second Law.     

Structure of liquid ethylenediamine according to data on molecular scattering of light

M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 175–177, July–August, 1989.