Recent Developments in Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Fuel Cell Applications: A Review

Carbon-based nanocomposites have developed as the most promising and emerging materials in nanoscience and technology during the last several years. They are microscopic materials that range in size from 1 to 100 nanometers. They may be distinguished from bulk materials by their size, shape, increased surface-to-volume ratio, and unique physical and chemical characteristics. Carbon nanocomposite matrixes are often created by combining more than two distinct solid phase types. The nanocomposites that were constructed exhibit unique properties, such as significantly enhanced toughness, mechanical strength, and thermal/electrochemical conductivity. As a result of these advantages, nanocomposites have been used in a variety of applications, including catalysts, electrochemical sensors, biosensors, and energy storage devices, among others. This study focuses on the usage of several forms of carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon aerogels, carbon nanofibers, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes, in the development of hydrogen fuel cells. These fuel cells have been successfully employed in numerous commercial sectors in recent years, notably in the car industry, due to their cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and long-cyclic durability. Further; we discuss the principles, reaction mechanisms, and cyclic stability of the fuel cells and also new strategies and future challenges related to the development of viable fuel cells.     

Domino reactions in water for the stereoselective synthesis of novel spiro dihydro-2′H-[indene-2,3′-thiophen]-1(3H)-ones with three contiguous stereocenters

The domino reactions of (E)-2-(aryl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ones and 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol in the presence of triethylamine in water stereoselectively afforded a library of 2′-(aryl)-4′-hydroxy-4′,5′-dihydro-2′H-spiro[indene-2,3′-thiophen]-1(3H)-ones. This transformation presumably proceeds via the generation of 2-mercaptoacetaldehyde from 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol followed by Michael addition–intramolecular aldol sequence with C–C and C–S bond formations and creation of three contiguous stereocenters in a one-pot operation.     

A generalization of set-valued Prešić–Reich type contractions in ultrametric spaces with applications

In this paper, we study the existence and uniqueness of coincidence and common fixed point of a set-valued and a single-valued mapping satisfying generalized set-valued Pre?i?–Reich type contractive condition in ultrametric spaces without the property of completeness. As an application, the well-posedness of a common fixed point problem is proved. An example is given to illustrate our results. Our results generalize and extend the results of Pre?i?–Reich in the context of ultrametric spaces.     

Synthesis,characterization and electrochemical studies of ruthenium(III) heterocyclic Schiff bases

A series of hexacoordinated Ru^III–PPh₃ complexes of general formula [RuCl(PPh₃)L] (L = tetradentate Schiff bases derived from the condensation of 2-furaldehyde or thiophene-2-carboxyaldehyde with alkyl and aryl diamines have been synthesized. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetric studies. All of the complexes were paramagnetic. Coordination of the Schiff base appears to occur through the two nitrogen and two heterocyclic oxygen/sulphur atoms.     

Voltammetric determination of catechol and hydroquinone using nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with nickel nanoparticles

Nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with nickel nanoparticles (Ni/N-MWCNT) were prepared by a thermal reduction process starting from urea and Ni(II) salt in an inert atmosphere. The nanocomposite was deposited on a screen printed electrode and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyses. The performance of the composite was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The numerous active metal sites with fast electron transfer properties result in enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards the individual and simultaneous detection of catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ), best at 0.21 V for CC and 0.11 V for HQ (vs. Ag/AgCl). For both targets the detection limit (S/N of 3) was 9 nM (CC) and 11 nM (HQ), and the Ni/N-MWCNT-electrode showed linear response from 0.1–300 μM CC, and 0.3–300 μM HQ. The electrode is selective over many potentially interfering ions. It was applied to the analysis of spiked water samples and gave satisfactory recoveries. It also is sensitive for CC (5.396 μA·μM^?1 cm^?2) and HQ (5.1577 μA·μM^?1 cm^?2), highly active, durable, acceptably repeatable and highly reproducible.

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Graphical abstract Voltammetric determination of catechol and hydroquinone using nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with nickel nanoparticles.

     

Existence of allometry model parameters and their asymptotic formulae for a large population

A theory of population that fails to consider a major determinant of the characteristics of populations is not an adequate theory. Standard texts in population biology and ecology tend to ignore body size as a factor in population dynamics, although birth and death rates, survivorship and longevity, population density and home range size, cycle periods for population boom and crash, and the annual increment in mortality due to aging all show a strong correlation with body mass. Studies in the evolutionary biology of aging require good estimates of the age-dependent mortality rate coefficient. In this paper, we provide an interval of existence of mortality rate parameters M _r and b and their asymptotic expressions in Allometry survival model, in the absence of age-specific mortality data.     

Existence of a critical allometry model parameter and its asymptotic expression

In this paper, we provide an interval of existence of critical mortality rate parameters M _r and b and their asymptotic expressions in allometry survival model, in the absence of age-specific mortality data.     

Estimation and sensitivity of Gompertz parameters with mortality deceleration rate

Studies in the evolutionary biology of aging require good estimates of theage-dependent mortality rate coefficient (one of the Gompertz parameters). In this paper we introduce an alternative algorithm for estimating this parameter. And we discuss the sensitivity of the estimates to changes in the other model parameters.     

Perylene Diimide Based Fluorescent Dyes for Selective Sensing of Nitroaromatic Compounds: Selective Sensing in Aqueous Medium Across Wide pH Range

Water soluble perylenediimide based fluorophore salt, N,N′-bis(ethelenetrimethyl ammoniumiodide)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylicbisimide (PDI-1), has been used for selective fluorescence sensing of picric acid (PA) and 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) in organic as well as aqueous medium across wide pH range (1.0 to 10.0). PDI-1 showed strong fluorescence in dimethylformamide (DMF) (Φf?=?0.26 (DMF) and moderate fluorescence in water. Addition of picric acid (PA) and 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) into PDI-1 in DMF/aqueous solution selectively quenches the fluorescence. The concentration dependent studies showed decrease of fluorescence linearly with increase of PA and 4-NA concentration. The interference studies demonstrate high selectivity for PA and 4-NA. Interestingly, PDI-1 showed selective fluorescence sensing of PA and 4-NA across wide pH range (1.0 to 10.0). Selective fluorescence sensing of PA and 4-NA has also been observed with trifluoroacetate (PDI-2), sulfate (PDI-3) salt of PDI-1 as well as octyl chain substituted PDI (PDI-4) without amine functionality. These studies suggest that PA and 4-NA might be having preferential interaction with PDI aromatic core and quenches the fluorescence. Thus PDI based dyes have been used for selective fluorescent sensing of explosive NACs for the first time to the best our knowledge.

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Graphical Abstract Selective fluorescent sensing of picric acid and 4-nitroaniline nitroaromatic compounds by perylene diimide fluorescent dyes

     

Geometric Stability Switch Criteria in HIV-1 Infection Delay Model

Journal of Nonlinear Science - In this article, a new method for analyzing the stability of a steady state of a delay differential equation is introduced. We determine whether or not varying the...