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The number of atoms trapped within the mode of an optical cavity is determined in real time by monitoring the transmission of a weak probe beam. Continuous observation of atom number is accomplished in the strong coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics and functions in concert with a cooling scheme for radial atomic motion. The probe transmission exhibits sudden steps from one plateau to the next in response to the time evolution of the intracavity atom number, from N>or=3 to N=2-->1-->0 atoms, with some trapping events lasting over 1 s. 相似文献
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de Riedmatten H Laurat J Chou CW Schomburg EW Felinto D Kimble HJ 《Physical review letters》2006,97(11):113603
Violations of a Bell inequality are reported for an experiment where one of two entangled qubits is stored in a collective atomic memory for a user-defined time delay. The atomic qubit is found to preserve the violation of a Bell inequality for storage times up to 21 micros, 700 times longer than the duration of the excitation pulse that creates the entanglement. To address the question of the security of entanglement-based cryptography implemented with this system, an investigation of the Bell violation as a function of the cross correlation between the generated nonclassical fields is reported, with saturation of the violation close to the maximum value allowed by quantum mechanics. 相似文献
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S. M. Steinberg G. M. Kimble G. T. Schmett D. W. Emerson M. F. Turner M. Rudin 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2008,277(1):185-191
Previous studies have shown that iodine (including 129I) can be strongly retained in organic-rich surface soils and sediment and that a large fraction of soluble iodine may be
associated with dissolved humic material. Iodate (IO3−) reacts with natural organic matter (NOM) producing either hypoiodous acid (HIO) or I2 as an intermediate. This intermediate is subsequently incorporated into the organic matter. Based on reactions of model compounds,
we infer that iodine reacts with peat by aromatic substitution of hydrogen on phenolic constituents of the peat. Alternatively,
the intermediate, HIO or I2, may be reduced to iodide (I−). The pH (and temperature) dependence of the IO3− reaction (reduction) has been explored with sphagnum peat, alkali lignin, and several model compounds. The incorporation
of iodine into NOM has been verified by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Model compound studies indicate
that reduction of IO3− to HIO may result from reaction with hydroquinone (or semiquinone) moieties of the peat. 相似文献
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Jang DP Kim I Chang SY Min HK Arora K Marsh MP Hwang SC Kimble CJ Bennet KE Lee KH 《The Analyst》2012,137(6):1428-1435
Although fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has contributed to important advances in neuroscience research, the technique is encumbered by significant analytical challenges. Confounding factors such as pH change and transient effects at the microelectrode surface make it difficult to discern the analytes represented by complex voltammograms. Here we introduce paired-pulse voltammetry (PPV), that mitigates the confounding factors and simplifies the analytical task. PPV consists of a selected binary waveform with a specific time gap between each of its two comprising pulses, such that each binary wave is repeated, while holding the electrode at a negative potential between the waves. This allows two simultaneous yet very different voltammograms (primary and secondary) to be obtained, each corresponding to the two pulses in the binary waveform. PPV was evaluated in the flow cell to characterize three different analytes, (dopamine, adenosine, and pH changes). The peak oxidation current decreased by approximately 50%, 80%, and 4% for dopamine, adenosine, and pH, in the secondary voltammogram compared with the primary voltammogram, respectively. Thus, the influence of pH changes could be virtually eliminated using the difference between the primary and secondary voltammograms in the PPV technique, which discriminates analytes on the basis of their adsorption characteristics to the carbon fiber electrode. These results demonstrate that PPV can be effectively used for differentiating complex analytes. 相似文献
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A Goban KS Choi DJ Alton D Ding C Lacroûte M Pototschnig T Thiele NP Stern HJ Kimble 《Physical review letters》2012,109(3):033603
We report the experimental realization of an optical trap that localizes single Cs atoms ?215 nm from the surface of a dielectric nanofiber. By operating at magic wavelengths for pairs of counterpropagating red- and blue-detuned trapping beams, differential scalar light shifts are eliminated, and vector shifts are suppressed by ≈250. We thereby measure an absorption linewidth Γ/2π=5.7±0.1 MHz for the Cs 6S_{1/2}, F=4→6P_{3/2}, F^{'}=5 transition, where Γ_{0}/2π=5.2 MHz in free space. An optical depth d?66 is observed, corresponding to an optical depth per atom d_{1}?0.08. These advances provide an important capability for the implementation of functional quantum optical networks and precision atomic spectroscopy near dielectric surfaces. 相似文献