Lamb波多特征参数的复合材料损伤程度 评估方法*

航空航天飞行器、风电等工程机械结构的安全性保障至关重要,复合材料等新材料的大量应用,进一步提升了对结构健康监测的难度和要求。裂纹、脱层等复合材料结构典型损伤形成机理复杂、易扩展,损伤程度累积严重时会造成结构的突然失效。面向复合材料结构的损伤监测与诊断,现有的方法大多很难实现对结构损伤程度的跟踪评估,进而无法对结构的安全性评价提供依据。采用Lamb波监测理论,基于其传播距离远、对小损伤敏感等特点,通过研究分析典型损伤对Lamb波结构响应信号传播的多个特征作用过程和机理,采用多尺度分析,提取结构损伤时频域多特征参数;借助于神经网络的非线性映射能力,构建多特征复合材料结构损伤程度评估模型,实现对不同程度下典型结构损伤的评估。在环氧玻璃纤维复合材料板结构上的实验验证结果表明：提取的Lamb波时频域多特征参数,对不同程度典型损伤有一定的敏感性,所构建的损伤程度评估系统可以较为有效的实现损伤的程度估计。     

基于原位测量的复合材料冲击损伤定位

针对连续碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料层合板和玻璃纤维(GF)增强环氧树脂基复合材料层合板两类典型结构,开展了基于原位测量的冲击损伤定位研究。利用碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层合板自身的导电性,设计了电极阵列,考察了板厚对定位结果的影响;对于不导电玻璃纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层合板,设计并制备了多壁碳纳米管涂覆的玻璃纤维束(MWCNT@GF)传感器,并将MWCNT@GF嵌入层合板中形成传感网络,考察了不同入射角度对定位结果的影响。对于上述两种方法,编制了冲击损伤成像算法。结果表明:利用冲击前后碳纤维自身电阻和嵌入MWCNT@GF传感器的方法,可准确定位碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层合板和玻璃纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层合板的冲击损伤。     

CFRP层合板低速冲击响应及损伤特性研究

为了研究碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics,CFRP)层合板低速冲击力学性能,开展了铺层顺序为[45_4/–45_4]_(4T)的CFRP层合板落锤低速冲击试验。研究了条形冲锤冲击角度和半球形冲锤直径两个影响因素下的CFRP层合板低速冲击力学响应,同时通过凹坑深度和分层损伤面积研究了层合板低速冲击损伤特性。试验结果表明:当条形冲锤冲击角度与层合板表面纤维方向平行时以及以较小直径的半球形冲锤冲击时,最大中心位移和能量耗散较大,凹坑深度和分层面积也较大;在冲锤直径和冲击角度两个单因素变量下,凹坑深度与分层损伤面积成正相关;直径为10 mm的半球形冲锤冲击层合板时,在凹坑区域存在明显的纤维断裂;14 mm和16 mm半球形冲锤冲击时,损伤虽目视可见,但未见明显纤维断裂。     

熔石英表面损伤修复点的损伤概率

针对3个光斑尺寸的CO2激光辐照尺寸小于400 m损伤点后得到的修复点,从4个方面对损伤修复点经355 nm激光辐照后的损伤概率分别进行研究。结果表明,根据修复光斑尺寸或损伤点尺寸分别讨论修复点的损伤概率,更能反映修复点的抗激光损伤能力。通过分别讨论可以看出,采用小光斑CO2激光辐照损伤点或者修复尺寸小于200 m的损伤点,修复成功率超过90%。同时,可以通过损伤修复点的激光损伤阈值都服从正态分布的规律来预测修复点的损伤概率。     

熔石英表面损伤修复点的损伤概率

针对3个光斑尺寸的CO2激光辐照尺寸小于400 m损伤点后得到的修复点,从4个方面对损伤修复点经355 nm激光辐照后的损伤概率分别进行研究。结果表明,根据修复光斑尺寸或损伤点尺寸分别讨论修复点的损伤概率,更能反映修复点的抗激光损伤能力。通过分别讨论可以看出,采用小光斑CO2激光辐照损伤点或者修复尺寸小于200 m的损伤点,修复成功率超过90%。同时,可以通过损伤修复点的激光损伤阈值都服从正态分布的规律来预测修复点的损伤概率。

     

兰姆波结构健康监测中的概率损伤成像

应用概率成像方法对兰姆波结构健康监测中板的损伤进行识别。根据兰姆波损伤散射信号的传播时间以及传感器网络中一对发射-接收传感器的空间位置来确定一个椭圆轨迹,该轨迹显示了损伤可能出现的位置。将监测区域均匀网格化,计算各网格节点到椭圆轨迹的最短距离,将此距离映射为损伤出现的概率。采用灰度等级对所有网格节点处的概率值进行量化,则由每一个发射接收传感器对就确定了一个灰度图像。为了突出损伤,应用图像融合技术对传感器网络中所有发射接收传感器对所构成的灰度图像进行融合。对铝板中横穿孔损伤的实验结果显示了该方法能够有效地确定损伤的位置和范围,有助于推动兰姆波结构健康监测的实用化。     

贴片晶振在冲击环境下的损伤边界

贴片式石英晶体振荡器广泛应用于各类电子和通信设备系统中。针对晶振在冲击环境中容易出现结构破坏而导致系统工作异常的问题,通过分析单自由度系统在不同频率冲击载荷作用下的响应特点,建立了结构的应力响应水平与相关冲击响应谱谱值之间的联系,获得了较已有结论更合理的损伤边界形式。根据典型晶振结构易损组件的力学特性建立对应的简化分析模型,得到了贴片晶振在大频率范围内的结构损伤边界。利用有限元仿真软件,对晶振结构在0.5~30 kHz频率范围内冲击载荷下的响应进行仿真分析,验证了该损伤边界的有效性。这也为以贴片晶振为代表的微小元器件在冲击环境下的可靠性研究提供了一种可行的方法。     

基于序列图象对应概率累积的基础矩阵求解方法*

提出一种基于图象序列对应概率累积的基础矩阵求解算法.该算法基于序列对应概率累积求最大熵点的对应概率累积分布图,采用RANSAC思想和加权最小二乘法拟合极线,通过统计分类器求解极点并消除出格极线,并利用所求的对应极线和极点,采用一种参量化方法求解F矩阵.该算法工程实现容易,对输入的源图象没有苛刻的要求,可以基于随机拍摄的图象序列方便地求解F矩阵.     

基于FBG非均匀反射谱特性的波纹型复合材料蒙皮渐进损伤监测

提出利用布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)非均匀反射谱监测复合材料结构渐进损伤的方法。对波纹型复合材料蒙皮样件进行有限元分析,预测蒙皮在拉伸载荷下失效过程和对应临界失效载荷大小,据此重构FBG传感器的非均匀反射谱,获得铺层失效与传感器反射谱的对应关系,并为实验光谱记录提供参考。构建一种基于FBG非均匀反射谱监测波纹型复合材料蒙皮渐进损伤的监测系统,进行拉伸实验,实验结果表明系统实测光谱与重构的反射谱趋势相同,对应失效载荷与预测值最大误差为8.6%,证明了采用FBG传感器监测波纹型复合材料蒙皮渐进损伤的可行性。该方法通过实时监测预测失效范围内FBG非均匀反射谱的变化,简单易行,测量及传导光路实现全光纤化,无需破坏试件结构,即可实现对波纹型复合材料蒙皮渐进损伤程度及铺层失效次序精确、迅速的在线监测,研究结果为智能蒙皮动态监测领域提供新的思路和实验参考。     

碳纤维-泡沫铝夹芯板低速冲击响应

为研究夹芯结构的低速冲击响应,以碳纤维(T700)/环氧树脂复合材料层合板为上下面板,以闭孔泡沫铝为芯层,模拟夹芯板落锤冲击时的损伤演化过程。复合材料层合板采用三维实体单元建模,基于有限元软件ABAQUS中的用户子程序VUMAT,引入三维Hashin失效准则模拟复合材料的损伤破坏;采用二次应力准则,Cohesive单元模拟黏结层的层间失效;闭孔泡沫铝芯层采用3D Voronoi细观模型建模。分析复合材料夹芯结构在落锤冲击下的损伤起始、损伤扩展和最终破坏模式,通过锤头的接触力、位移、夹芯板的内能、后面板的最大位移研究夹层结构的能量吸收情况及抗冲击特性,得出了在质量保持不变的情况下,5种芯层相对密度和厚度的耦合关系中的最优设计是芯层相对密度15.0%,厚度为10 mm,为满足实际工程中的需求提供了设计依据。     

A time reversal damage imaging method for structure health monitoring using Lamb waves

This paper investigates the Lamb wave imaging method combining time reversal for health monitoring of a metal-lic plate structure.The temporal focusing effect of the time reversal Lamb waves is investigated theoretically.It demonstrates that the focusing effect is related to the frequency dependency of the time reversal operation.Numerical simulations are conducted to study the time reversal behaviour of Lamb wave modes under broadband and narrowband excitations.The results show that the reconstructed time reversed wave exhibits close similarity to the reversed nar-rowband tone burst signal validating the theoretical model.To enhance the similarity,the cycle number of the excited signal should be increased.Experiments combining finite element model are then conducted to study the imaging method in the presence of damage like hole in the plate structure.In this work,the time reversal technique is used for the recompression of Lamb wave signals.Damage imaging results with time reversal using broadband and narrowband excitations are compared to those without time reversal.It suggests that the narrowband excitation combined time reversal can locate and determine the size of structural damage more precisely,but the cycle number of the excited signal should be chosen reasonably.     

Theoretical evaluation of the probability of success of the quasi-anomalous method

Theoretical expressions for the probability of success of the quasi-anomalous method have been derived for triclinic, monoclinic and orthorhombic crystals containing a few (1, 2 or 3) heavy atoms per asymmetric unit besides a large number of light atoms. The results derived take into account data-truncation due to unobserved reflections. Using the theoretical expressions, tables of probability values for the success of the quasi-anomalous method are obtained as a function of the relevant parametersk andδ ₁ ² . Corresponding results for triclinic crystals containing many heavy atoms (i.e.P = MN and MC cases) have also been obtained. It is seen that, using suitable heavy atoms to prepare the heavy-atom derivative, probability of success as high as 0.7 could be obtained in the case of proteins containing 1000 to 1500 atoms. Contribution No. 702.     

Long distance laser ultrasonic propagation imaging system for damage visualization

Wind turbine blade failure is the most prominent and common type of damage occurring in operating wind turbine systems. Conventional nondestructive testing systems are not available for in situ wind turbine blades. We propose a portable long distance ultrasonic propagation imaging (LUPI) system that uses a laser beam targeting and scanning system to excite, from a long distance, acoustic emission sensors installed in the blade. An examination of the beam collimation effect using geometric parameters of a commercial 2 MW wind turbine provided Lamb wave amplitude increases of 41.5 and 23.1 dB at a distance of 40 m for symmetrical and asymmetrical modes, respectively, in a 2 mm-thick stainless steel plate. With this improvement in signal-to-noise ratio, a feasibility study of damage detection was conducted with a 5 mm-thick composite leading edge specimen. To develop a reliable damage evaluation system, the excitation/sensing technology and the associated damage visualization algorithm are equally important. Hence, our results provide a new platform based on anomalous wave propagation imaging (AWPI) methods with adjacent wave subtraction, reference wave subtraction, reference image subtraction, and the variable time window amplitude mapping method. The advantages and disadvantages of AWPI algorithms are reported in terms of reference data requirements, signal-to-noise ratios, and damage evaluation accuracy. The compactness and portability of the proposed UPI system are also important for in-field applications at wind farms.     

高反射膜激光零几率损伤阈值的实验研究

 在确定光学薄膜激光损伤阈值的实验数据处理过程中，发现一些样品的数据点分布偏离直线型式。对此，用国际标准规定的零几率来确定损伤阈值的同时，对测试数据点采用了不同的非直线拟合，也得到一个零几率损伤阈值。比较两者差异，并与实验测试结果对照，发现这些样品采用非直线拟合得出的零几率损伤阈值与实际情况更接近一些。     

Study of methods for evaluating the probability of multiple site damage occurrences

Two methods currently available for evaluating the probability of Multiple Site Damage(MSD)occurrence were studied in this paper.One of the methods is a probabilistic analysis approach based on the statistical theory and fatigue characteristics of each structural detail,and the other is an approach which defines the initial damage scenario by means of Monte-Carlo simulation,and multiple initial crack scenarios are randomly generated.A modified method based on the Monte-Carlo simulation was proposed in this paper,in which the random fluctuation of the stress was considered to give more accurate evaluation results.In the presented method,the probability of MSD occurrence in a structural element containing multiple details was calculated based on the Monte-Carlo simulation and the p-S-N curve of a single structural detail.Fatigue tests were accomplished using specimens containing 21-similar-details to obtain the fatigue life corresponding to MSD occurrence.Tests on single-detail specimens and static calibration tests were also conducted to get the basic fatigue properties of the material and the degree of stress fluctuation.The aforementioned three methods were compared and validated via the test results.The influence of the stress random fluctuation degree on the probability of MSD occurrence and influence of the distribution types on evaluating the MSD occurrence probability were discussed.     

用毛细管成像法测量液相扩散系数——等折射率薄层测量方法

本文提出了一种测量液相扩散系数的新方法. 该方法用透明毛细管构成液相扩散池, 利用毛细管成像法特有的折射率空间分辨测量能力, 通过直接观察和记录扩散介质的等折射率薄层在毛细管中的移动规律, 基于扩散过程遵循的Fick第二定律计算出液相扩散系数. 在25 ℃下研究了丙三醇和纯水间的扩散过程, 扩散系数的测量值与全息干涉法的文献报道值之间的相对误差为4.47%, 论文同时分析了折射率测量精度和毛细管管壁黏滞力对扩散系数的影响. 用毛细管成像法测量液相扩散系数具有样品需要量少、测量速度快、系统稳定性好的特点, 为快速测定微量样品的扩散系数提供了一种有效的新方法. 关键词： 扩散系数 液体折射率 毛细管成像法     

热像系统动态探测概率的研究

研究了热像系统动态探测概率。在对目前动态探测概率研究状况作简要讨论的基础上 ,建立了动态探测概率的一个微分方程。利用该方程可以研究探测器以速度 v(x)向目标运动过程中的动态探测概率。与传统的动态探测概率相比 ,所提出的方法考虑了目标的运动过程 ,而传统的动态探测概率虽然包含了时间 t,但它并不表征物体的运动过程     

多尺度水下偏振成像方法

水下偏振成像技术利用散射光偏振特性能够有效提高水下成像质量,在水下目标探测和识别领域具有重要应用价值.针对该技术在背景散射光和目标信息光分离时由于噪声放大现象导致重建图像质量受限的问题,提出多尺度水下偏振成像方法.该方法利用图像分层处理思想,结合小波变换的多尺度特性,对体现图像高对比度的基础层和低对比度但细节信息丰富的细节层分别进行处理,重建高对比度、高信噪比的清晰场景图像.实验结果表明,多尺度水下偏振成像方法不仅能够大幅提高对比度,复原图像细节信息,而且能够有效抑制放大噪声,提高重建图像的信噪比,在水下偏振成像领域具有良好应用前景.     

相干场成像技术分辨率研究

根据光学传递函数的相关理论, 推导了相干场成像技术(又称傅里叶望远镜)的光学传递函数和点扩散函数, 给出了T型、O型两种发射镜阵列布局相干场成像系统的分辨率计算公式, 为分析相干场成像系统能实现的极限角分辨率提供了理论依据. 在此基础上研究了T型、O型两种发射镜阵列布局相干场成像系统的分辨率之间的关系. 关键词： 相干场成像 傅里叶望远镜 分辨率 光学传递函数     

Development of surface magneto-optical imaging method

We have observed single vortices in a NbTiN thin film by using magneto-optical (MO) imaging method, in which the light reflected from the surface of the sample produces MO contrasts. The gap between the sample and the indicator film is estimated by the Newton ring and curve fitting to the flux density profile of single vortices.