Stochastic Modeling of Turbulent Scalar Transport at Very High Schmidt Numbers

A stochastic modeling approach, the so-called One-Dimensional Turbulence (ODT), is used to study passive scalar transport in incompressible, fully-developed, turbulent channel flows up to very high Schmidt numbers Sc = ν/Γ ∼ 10⁴ (kinematic viscosity ν, scalar diffusivity Γ). Good agreement is obtained between ODT and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) results with respect to the mean, the fluctuation statistics, and the dimensionless mass transfer coefficient K⁺. ODT yields the mass transfer coefficient to become independent of the Reynolds number at high Schmidt numbers, which is similar to reference laboratory measurements and DNS. The present ODT results exhibit the power law K⁺ ∝ Sc^−0.65 with a scaling exponent that is only slightly larger than in the reference laboratory measurements and DNS. The results obtained suggests that ODT can be a versatile tool for turbulent transport modeling in a wide range of physical parameters. (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Extending temporal simulations

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of spatially growing turbulent shear layers may be performed as temporal simulations by solving the governing equations with some additional terms while imposing streamwise periodicity. These terms are functions of the means whose spatial growth is calculated easily and accurately from statistics of the temporal DNS. Equations for such simulations are derived.     

On the benefits of ODT-based stochastic turbulence modeling

We summarize the group's progress in applying, analyzing, and improving ODT and ODT-based stochastic turbulence models like ODTLES. Compared to DNS these models span a wider range of scales while compared to RANS/LES (i) the molecular effects are retained and (ii) no assumption of scale separation is made. In this regard ODTLES has more properties of DNS than of standard LES. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Bayesian calibration of model coefficients for a simulation of flow over porous material involving SVM classification

In this contribution the identification of the model coefficients of a novel turbulent flow model over porous media is concerned. The flow is modeled with a volume and Reynolds averaged compressible Navier-Stokes equations approach. The main focus of this contribution is to calibrate the model coefficients starting from expert prior knowledge by incorporating DNS data of the velocity field and the Reynolds stresses. For the inverse problem general Polynomial Chaos Expansions (gPCE) based surrogate model was used. To avoid the identification of nonphysical coefficient setups, these parametric regions were filtered out by identifying a decision boundary by the support vector machine binary classification. The machinery of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) was used for the data assimilation combined with a nonlinear Minimum Mean Square Estimator (MMSE) for speeding up the convergence of the random walk of the MCMC. (© 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

基于多GPU的格子Boltzmann法对槽道湍流的直接数值模拟

采用多GPU并行的格子Boltzmann方法（lattice Boltzmann method, LBM）对充分发展的槽道湍流进行了直接数值模拟．GPU(graphic processing unit)的数据并行单指令多线程（single-instruction multiple-thread, SIMT)特征与LBM完美的并行性相匹配,使得LBM求解器在GPU上运行获得了极高的性能,亦使得大规模DNS(direct numerical simulation)在桌面级计算机上进行成为可能．采用8个GPU,网格数目达到6.7×107,全场网格尺寸Δ+=1.41．模拟3×106个时间步长,用时仅24 h．另外,直接模拟结果无论是在平均流速或湍流统计量上均与Moser等的结果吻合得很好,这也证实了二阶精度的格子Boltzmann法直接模拟湍流的能力与有效性     

A numerical approach for a model of the precancer lesions caused by the human papillomavirus

We develop two numerical methods to approximate the solutions of a pioneer model of the lesions at the cervical cells caused by the human papillomavirus. Such model is given by a nonlinear advection–diffusion-reaction partial differential equation and the goal of the schemes is to analyze the behaviour of the evolution of infected cells. The developed schemes consist of two explicit non standard finite differences numerical schemes which satisfy positivity conditions. They are based on the subequation method in the context of the non standard scheme methodology. Our approach provides an alternative method to the early diagnosis of the disease and may open up new lines of research.     

The effect of shock-wave / boundary-layer interaction on turbulent spot propagation

We performed highly resolved large-eddy simulations (LES) of transitional shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions (SW/ BLI) in which a turbulent spot passes through a laminar shock-induced separation bubble. The initial condition consists of a laminar boundary-layer solution over a flat plate with a superimposed oblique shock which induces a separation bubble on the plate. An upstream-positioned initial disturbance triggers the turbulent spot that develops and encounters the SW/BLI region. Unlike the laminar boundary layer it does not separate but tunnels the SW/BLI region. Compared to a simulation without the SW/BLI region the spot growth is increased significantly during the passage. This finding supports the results of previous direct numerical simulations (DNS) in the literature. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Sediment Transport and Deposition from a Two-layer Fluid Model of Gravity Currents on Sloping Bottoms

This article reports on a theoretical and numerical study of noneroding turbulent gravity currents moving down mildly inclined surfaces while depositing sediment. These flows are modeled by means of two-layer fluid systems appropriately modified to account for the presence of a sloping bottom and suspended sediment in the lower layer. A detailed scaling argument shows that when the density of the interstitial fluid is slightly greater than that of the ambient and the suspension is such that its volume fraction is of the order of the aspect ratio squared, for low aspect ratio flows a two-layer shallow-water theory is applicable. In this theory there is a decoupling of particle and flow dynamics. In contrast, however, when the densities of interstitial and ambient fluids are equal, so that it is the presence of the particles alone that drives the flow, we find that a consistent shallow-water theory is impossible no matter how small the aspect ratio or the initial volume fraction occupied by the particles. Our two-layer shallow-water formulation is employed to investigate the downstream evolution of flow and depositional characteristics for sloping bottoms. This investigation uncovers a new phenomenon in the formation of a rear compressive zone giving rise to shock formation in the post-end-wall-separation phase of the particle-bearing gravity flow. This separation of flow from the end wall in these fixed volume releases differs from what has been observed on horizontal surfaces where the flow always remains in contact with the end wall.     

Modeling Sediment Deposition Patterns Arising From Suddenly Released Fixed-Volume Turbulent Suspensions

Models presented in several recent papers [1–3] dealing with particle transport by, and deposition from, bottom gravity currents produced by the sudden release of dilute, well‐mixed fixed‐volume suspensions have been relatively successful in duplicating the experimentally observed long‐time, distal, areal density of the deposit on a rigid horizontal bottom. These models, however, fail in their ability to capture the experimentally observed proximal pattern of the areal density with its pronounced dip in the region initially occupied by the well‐mixed suspension and its equally pronounced local maximum at roughly the one‐third point of the total reach of the deposit. The central feature of the models employed in [1–3] is that the particles are always assumed to be vertically well‐mixed by fluid turbulence and to settle out through the bottom viscous sublayer with the Stokes settling velocity for a fluid at rest with no re‐entrainment of particles from the floor of the tank. Because this process is assumed from the outset in the models of [1–3], the numerical simulations for a fixed‐volume release will not take into account the actual experimental conditions that prevail at the time of release of a well‐mixed fixed‐volume suspension. That is, owing to the vigorous stirring that produces the well‐mixed suspension, the release volume will initially possess greater turbulent energy than does an unstirred release volume, which may only acquire turbulent energy as a result of its motion after release through various instability mechanisms. The eddy motion in the imposed fluid turbulence reduces the particle settling rates from the values that would be observed in an unstirred release volume possessing zero initial turbulent energy. We here develop a model for particle bearing gravity flows initiated by the sudden release of a fixed‐volume suspension that takes into account the initial turbulent energy of mixing in the release volume by means of a modified settling velocity that, over a time scale characteristic of turbulent energy decay, approaches the full Stokes settling velocity. Thereafter, in the flow regime, we assume that the turbulence persists and, in accord with current understanding concerning the mechanics of dense underflows, that this turbulence is most intense in the wall region at the bottom of the flow and relatively coarse and on the verge of collapse (see [22]) at the top of the flow where the density contrast is compositionally maintained. We capture this behavior by specifying a “shape function” that is based upon experimental observations and provides for vertical structure in the volume fraction of particles present in the flow. The assumption of vertically well‐mixed particle suspensions employed in [1–5] corresponds to a constant shape function equal to unity. Combining these two refinements concerning the settling velocity and vertical structure of the volume fraction of particles into the conservation law for particles and coupling this with the fluid equations for a two‐layer system, we find that our results for areal density of deposits from sudden releases of fixed‐volume suspensions are in excellent qualitative agreement with the experimentally determined areal densities of deposit as reported in [1, 3, 6]. In particular, our model does what none of the other models do in that it captures and explains the proximal depression in the areal density of deposit.     

Numerical resolution of a mono-disperse model of bubble growth in magmas

Growth of gas bubbles in magmas may be modeled by a system of differential equations that account for the evolution of bubble radius and internal pressure and that are coupled with an advection–diffusion equation defining the gas flux going from magma to bubble. This system of equations is characterized by two relaxation parameters linked to the viscosity of the magma and to the diffusivity of the dissolved gas, respectively. Here, we propose a numerical scheme preserving, by construction, the total mass of water of the system. We also study the asymptotic behavior of the system of equations by letting the relaxation parameters vary from 0 to ∞, and show the numerical convergence of the solutions obtained by means of the general numerical scheme to the simplified asymptotic limits. Finally, we validate and compare our numerical results with those obtained in experiments.     

DNS and Experiment of a Turbulent Channel Flow with StreamwiseRotation - Study of the Cross Flow Phenomena

Modelling of rotating turbulent flows is a major issue in engineering applications. Intensive research has been dedicated to rotating channel flows in spanwise direction such as by [1], [2] to name only two. In this work a turbulent channel flow rotating about the streamwise direction is presented. The theory is based on the investigations of [4] employing the symmetry theory. It was found that a cross flow in the spanwise direction is induced. A series of direct numerical simulations (DNS) at different rotation numbers is carried out to examine these effects. Further, the results of the DNS are compared to the measuremets of a corresponding experiment. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

An Ensemble Kalman Filter Approach Based on Level Set Parameterization for Acoustic Source Identification Using Multiple Frequency Information

In this paper, a reconstruction problem of the spatial dependent acoustic source from multiple frequency data is discussed. Suppose that the source function is supported on a bounded domain and the piecewise constant intensities of the source are known on the support. We characterize unknown domain by the level set technique. And the level set function can be modeled by a Hamilton-Jacobi system. We use the ensemble Kalman filter approach to analyze the system state. This method can avoid to deal with the nonlinearity directly and reduce the computation complexity. In addition, the algorithm can achieve the stable state quickly with the Hamilton-Jacobi system. From some numerical examples, we show these advantages and verify the feasibility and effectiveness.     

Analysis of turbulent diffusion in the temperature variance dissipation rate equation

Results of a new direct numerical simulation (DNS) for the Rayleigh‐Bénard convection at Prandtl number Pr = 0.025 and Rayleigh number Ra = 100,000 are used to analyse the turbulent diffusion term in the transport equation for the temperature variance dissipation rate. These DNS results are also used to investigate the performance of statistical models for this turbulent diffusion term. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Direct numerical simulation of turbulent non-Newtonian flow using OpenFOAM

Understanding transition and turbulence in the flow of shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluids remains substantially unresolved and additional research is required to develop better computational methods for wall-bounded turbulent flows of these fluids. Previous DNS studies of shear-thinning fluids mainly use purpose-built codes and simple geometries such as pipes and channels. However in practical application, the geometry of mixing vessels, pumps and other process equipment is far more complex, and more flexible computational methods are required. In this paper a general-purpose DNS approach for shear-thinning fluids is undertaken using the OpenFOAM CFD library. DNS of turbulent Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow in a pipe flow are conducted and the accuracy and efficiency of OpenFOAM are assessed against a validated high-order spectral element-Fourier DNS code – Semtex. The results show that OpenFOAM predicts the flow of shear-thinning fluids to be a little more transitional than the predictions from Semtex, with lower radial and azimuthal turbulence intensities and higher axial intensity. Despite this, the first and second order turbulence statistics differ by at most 16%, and usually much less. An assessment of the parallel scaling of OpenFOAM indicates that OpenFOAM scales very well for the CPUs from 8 to 512, but the intranode scalability is poor for less than 8CPUs. The present work shows that OpenFOAM can be used for DNS of shear-thinning fluids in the simple case of pipe flow, and suggests that more complex flows, where flow separation is often important, are likely to be simulated with accuracies that are acceptably good for engineering application.     

Numerical analysis of two ensemble eddy viscosity numerical regularizations of fluid motion

This report analyzes an efficient ensemble regularization algorithm for under‐resolved and convection dominated flows (including ones at higher Reynolds numbers). Computing an ensemble simultaneously allows each realization to access ensemble data. This allows use of means and fluctuations in regularizations used for each realization. The combined approach of ensemble time stepping and ensemble regularizations allows direct calculation of the turbulent viscosity coefficient and gives an unconditionally stable algorithm. It also suggests reconsidering an old but not as well‐developed definition of the mixing length. This mixing length vanishes at solid walls without van Driest damping, increases stability, and improves flow predictions in our preliminary tests. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 630–651, 2015     

Multidimensional turbulence spectra – Statistical analysis of turbulent vortices

Strong nonlinear or very fast phenomena such as mixing, coalescence and breakup in chemical engineering processes, are not correctly described using average turbulence properties. Since these phenomena are modeled by the interaction of fluid particles with single or paired vortices, distribution of the properties of individual turbulent vortices should be studied and understood. In this paper, statistical analysis of turbulent vortices was performed using a novel vortex tracking algorithm. The vortices were identified using the normalized Q-criterion with extended volumes calculated using the Biot–Savart law in order to capture most of the coherent structure related to each vortex. This new and fast algorithm makes it possible to estimate the volume of all resolved vortices. Turbulence was modeled using large-eddy simulation with the dynamic Smagorinsky–Lilly subgrid scale model for different Reynolds numbers. Number density of turbulent vortices were quantified and compared with different models. It is concluded that the calculated number densities for vortices in the inertial subrange and also for the larger scales are in very good agreement with the models proposed by Batchelor and Martinez-Bazán. Moreover, the associated enstrophy within the same size of coherent structures is quantified and its distribution is compared to models for distribution of turbulent kinetic energy. The associated enstrophy within the same size of coherent structures has a wide distribution that is normal distributed in the logarithmic scale.     

A uniformly optimal‐order estimate for finite volume method for advection‐diffusion equations

We prove an optimal‐order error estimate in a weighted energy norm for finite volume method for two‐dimensional time‐dependent advection–diffusion equations on a uniform space‐time partition of the domain. The generic constants in the estimates depend only on certain norms of the true solution but not on the scaling parameter. These estimates, combined with a priori stability estimates of the governing partial differential equations with full regularity, yield a uniform estimate of the finite volume method, in which the generic constants depend only on the Sobolev norms of the initial and right side data but not on the scaling parameter. We use the interpolation of spaces and stability estimates to derive a uniform estimate for problems with minimal or intermediate regularity, where the convergence rates are proportional to certain Besov norms of the initial and right‐hand side data. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 17‐43, 2014     

The effect of turbulence on mixing in prototype reaction‐diffusion systems

The effect of turbulence on mixing in prototype reaction‐diffusion systems is analyzed here in the special situation where the turbulence is modeled ideally with two separated scales consisting of a large‐scale mean flow plus a small‐scale spatiotemporal periodic flow. In the limit of fast reaction and slow diffusion, it is rigorously proved that the turbulence does not contribute to the location of the mixing zone in the limit and that this mixing zone location is determined solely by advection of the large‐scale velocity field. This surprising result contrasts strongly with earlier work of the authors that always yields a large‐scale propagation speed enhanced by small‐scale turbulence for propagating fronts. The mathematical reasons for these differences are pointed out. This main theorem rigorously justifies the limit equilibrium approximations utilized in non‐premixed turbulent diffusion flames and condensation‐evaporation modeling in cloud physics in the fast reaction limit. The subtle nature of this result is emphasized by explicit examples presented in the fast reaction and zero‐diffusion limit with a nontrivial effect of turbulence on mixing in the limit. The situation with slow reaction and slow diffusion is also studied in the present work. Here the strong stirring by turbulence before significant reaction occurs necessarily leads to a homogenized limit with the strong mixing effects of turbulence expressed by a rigorous turbulent diffusivity modifying the reaction‐diffusion equations. Physical examples from non‐premixed turbulent combustion and cloud microphysics modeling are utilized throughout the paper to motivate and interpret the mathematical results. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Re.ned Modeling of the pressure redistribution/scrambling under consistent consideration of scalar turbulence effects in turbulent combustion

In practical turbulent flow problems of engineering importance the coupling between velocity and scalar turbulence along with the variable density plays a non negligible role. For computations using second moment closure approach, the pressure redistribution/scrambling is the most critical term to be modeled as well known. Almost all existing models consist in rescating models derived on a constant density basis in a density weighted form. With regard to turbulent premixed combustion in fact, the application of such models to a range of transient one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional premixed flames in the flamelet regime has been found to yield unsatisfactory results, see [1]. As pointed out by Sadiki [2], the use of the Favre method must be consistently considered as far as open thermodynamic systems are concerned. Furthermore, the need for maintaining certain invariance properties, physical and mathematical realizability conditions in formulating turbulence models is well accepted. Because turbulent processes are irreversible, these efforts demand a carefull consideration of thermodynamic concepts. Based on the results in [1] and following [2], this work aims to derive a physically consistent formulation of the pressure redistribution/scrambling term under consideration of the variable density. Considering the case of premixed flames, the thermochemistry is included by means of a single reactive scalar ‐ the reaction progress variable. The accuracy of the model extensions proposed is demonstrated by comparing the numerical results with experimental data in opposed jet premixed flame configuration.