Coexistence of chaotic and non-chaotic states in the two-dimensional Gauss–Navier–Stokes dynamics

Recently, Gallavotti proposed an Equivalence Conjecture in hydrodynamics, which states that forced-damped fluids can be equally well represented by means of the Navier–Stokes equations (NS) and by means of time reversible modifications of NS called Gauss–Navier–Stokes equations (GNS). This Equivalence Conjecture received numerical support in several recent papers concerning two-dimensional fluid mechanics. The corresponding results rely on the fact that the NS and GNS systems only have one attracting set. Performing similar two-dimensional simulations, we find that there are conditions to be met by the GNS system for this to be the case. In particular, increasing the Reynolds number, while keeping fixed the number of Fourier modes, leads to the coexistence of different attractors. This makes difficult a test of the Equivalence Conjecture, but constitutes a spurious effect due to the insufficient spectral resolution. With sufficiently fine spectral resolution, the steady states are unique and the Equivalence Conjecture can be conveniently established.     

非重正交的李雅普诺夫指数谱的计算方法

推导了一种快速、有效的计算动力系统李雅普诺夫(Lyapunov)指数谱的方法.该方法避免了 一般算法的频繁的重正交过程;且在维数不高(n<5)的情况下,所需求解的方程数也较一般 方法更少.该算法即适用于连续又适用于离散系统,当指数出现简并时同样有效.对以Lorenz 动力系统为主的数值计算,验证了该算法的快速性及其稳定性. 关键词： 混沌 李雅普诺夫指数 复合矩阵 特征值     

Theoretical prediction of delivery and adsorption of various anticancer drugs into pristine and metal-doped graphene nanosheet

The mechanism of this study is utilized the pristine GNS and metal-doped GNS as a carrier to the (5-FU, 6-MP, GB, and CP) anticancer drugs. We used the DFT method, which implemented in the Quantum espresso package, to calculate various electronic properties computed. These impurities altered the behavior of the GNS from metal to semiconductor. Metal-doped GNS and anticancer drugs/pristine GNS became more stable and lower reactivity due to the total energy of these structures increased compared to the pristine GNS. The electronic band gap of the anticancer drugs/pristine GNS rehabilitated and opened. Furthermore, the metal-doped GNS as a carrier to the anticancer drugs was an exothermic process. Then, anticancer drugs/metal-doped GNS thermodynamically stable due to these structures have negative adsorption energies. Besides, we detected that these complex structures were required higher energy to donating/accepting and electron to become cation/anion due to these structures have a lower value of the electron affinity and higher value of the chemical hardness. Moreover, there was a great interaction between pristine GNS and metal impurities; also between metal-doped GNS and anticancer drugs. Then, GNS and metal-doped GNS have been used as drug delivery systems.     

Information flow and maximum entropy measures for 1-D maps

The invariant measures of maximal metric entropy are constructed explicitly for some maps of the interval, by iterating the maps backward. The construction illustrates in a particularly clear way the information flow in simple systems, as well as recently conjectured relationships between dimensions of invariant measures, Lyapunov exponents, and entropies. maps, it is conjectured that the natural measure is the invariant measure with strongest mixing.     

Spectral properties of chimera states

Chimera states are particular trajectories in systems of phase oscillators with nonlocal coupling that display a spatiotemporal pattern of coherent and incoherent motion. We present here a detailed analysis of the spectral properties for such trajectories. First, we study numerically their Lyapunov spectrum and its behavior for an increasing number of oscillators. The spectra demonstrate the hyperchaotic nature of the chimera states and show a correspondence of the Lyapunov dimension with the number of incoherent oscillators. Then, we pass to the thermodynamic limit equation and present an analytic approach to the spectrum of a corresponding linearized evolution operator. We show that, in this setting, the chimera state is neutrally stable and that the continuous spectrum coincides with the limit of the hyperchaotic Lyapunov spectrum obtained for the finite size systems.     

Fluctuations in the diffusion of particles in a non-uniform medium

We study the thermal fluctuations of density and flow velocity of particles diffusing in a non-uniform medium with memory character. The fluctuation spectra are derived from the macroscopic equations with the aid of the generalized Nyquist theorem. A comparison is made with other methods.     

Chronotopic Lyapunov analysis: II. Toward a unified approach

From the analyticity properties of the equation governing infinitesimal perturbations, it is conjectured that all types of Lyapunov exponents introduced in spatially extended 1D systems can be derived from a single function that we call the entropy potential. The general consequences of its very existence on the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy of generic spatiotemporal patterns are discussed.     

On finite-size Lyapunov exponents in multiscale systems

We study the effect of regime switches on finite size Lyapunov exponents (FSLEs) in determining the error growth rates and predictability of multiscale systems. We consider a dynamical system involving slow and fast regimes and switches between them. The surprising result is that due to the presence of regimes, the error growth rate can be a non-monotonic function of initial error amplitude. In particular, troughs in the large scales of FSLE spectra are shown to be a signature of slow regimes, whereas fast regimes are shown to cause large peaks in the spectra where error growth rates far exceed those estimated from the maximal Lyapunov exponent. We present analytical results explaining these signatures and corroborate them with numerical simulations. We show further that these peaks disappear in stochastic parametrizations of the fast chaotic processes, and the associated FSLE spectra reveal that large scale predictability properties of the full deterministic model are well approximated, whereas small scale features are not properly resolved.     

Current density and field fluctuations in a conducting medium

We study thermal fluctuations in a conducting medium which may be spatially non-uniform and anisotropic. The fluctuation spectra for charge and current density, and for the electromagnetic fields, are expressed in terms of the basic propagators of the macroscopic equations. The theory is based on an application of the generalized Nyquist theorem.     

Lyapunov Instability of the Boundary-Driven Chernov–Lebowitz Model for Stationary Shear Flow

We report on the computation of full Lyapunov spectra of the boundary-driven Chernov–Lebowitz model for stationary planar shear flow. The Lyapunov exponents are calculated with a recently developed formalism for systems with elastic hard collisions. Although the Chernov–Lebowitz model is strictly energy conserving, any phase-space volume is subjected to a contraction due to the reflection rules of the hard disks colliding with the walls. Consequently, the sum of Lyapunov exponents is negative. As expected for an inhomogeneously driven system, the Lyapunov spectra do not obey the conjugate pairing rule. The external driving makes the system less chaotic, which is reflected in a decrease of the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy if the driving is increased.     

Deriving GENERIC from a Generalized Fluctuation Symmetry

Much of the structure of macroscopic evolution equations for relaxation to equilibrium can be derived from symmetries in the dynamical fluctuations around the most typical trajectory. For example, detailed balance as expressed in terms of the Lagrangian for the path-space action leads to gradient zero-cost flow. We expose a new such fluctuation symmetry that implies GENERIC, an extension of gradient flow where a Hamiltonian part is added to the dissipative term in such a way as to retain the free energy as Lyapunov function.     

Some theoretical and numerical results for delayed neural field equations

In this paper we study neural field models with delays which define a useful framework for modeling macroscopic parts of the cortex involving several populations of neurons. Nonlinear delayed integro-differential equations describe the spatio-temporal behavior of these fields. Using methods from the theory of delay differential equations, we show the existence and uniqueness of a solution of these equations. A Lyapunov analysis gives us sufficient conditions for the solutions to be asymptotically stable. We also present a fairly detailed study of the numerical computation of these solutions. This is, to our knowledge, the first time that a serious analysis of the problem of the existence and uniqueness of a solution of these equations has been performed. Another original contribution of ours is the definition of a Lyapunov functional and the result of stability it implies. We illustrate our numerical schemes on a variety of examples that are relevant to modeling in neuroscience.     

Cross-phase modulation induced phase fluctuations in optical RZ pulse propagating in dispersion compensated WDM transmission systems

The basic mechanism of cross-phase modulation induced phase fluctuations in optical RZ pulse propagating in a periodically dispersion compensated transmission line has been investigated. Ordinary differential equations have been derived using variational analysis to estimate the phase fluctuation and the analytical result is verified by numerical simulations based on split-step Fourier method. We therefore explore the impact of different dispersion compensation maps on phase fluctuation for 10 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s WDM transmission systems. The effects of initial pulse spacing between channels, channel spacing and residual dispersion on phase shift have been studied. We find that cross-phase modulation induced phase fluctuation can be mitigated by proper adjustment of channel spacing and/or residual dispersion.     

Lyapunov Instability for a Hard-Disk Fluid in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Thermostated by Deterministic Scattering

We compute the full Lyapunov spectra for a hard-disk fluid under temperature gradient and under shear. The Lyapunov exponents are calculated using a recently developed formalism for systems with elastic hard collisions. The system is thermalized by deterministic and time-reversible scattering at the boundary, whereas the bulk dynamics remains Hamiltonian. This thermostating mechanism allows for energy fluctuations around a mean value which is reflected by only two vanishing Lyapunov exponents in equilibrium and nonequilibrium. In nonequilibrium steady states the phase-space volume is contracted on average, leading to a negative sum of the Lyapunov exponents. Since the system is driven inhomogeneously we do not expect the conjugate pairing rule to hold, which is indeed shown to be the case. Finally, the Kaplan–Yorke dimension and the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy are calculated from the Lyapunov spectra.     

激发核系统中最大Lyapunov指数、密度涨落以及多重碎裂之间的关系

基于量子分子动力学模型,系统地研究了从48Ca到298114一系列核素在不同温度下的最大Lyapunov指数、密度涨落以及体系多重碎裂之间的关系.发现最大Lyapunov指数随温度变化有一峰值出现(该峰值所对应的温度为"临界温度"),在该临界温度时体系的密度涨落达到最大,碎块的质量分布能够给出较好的PowerLaw指数.通过对最大Lyapunov指数与密度涨落随时间变化行为的研究,发现密度涨落的时间尺度要大于混沌的时间尺度,意味着混沌的概念可以用来研究体系的多重碎裂过程.最后还给出了有限体系相变的临界温度随体系大小变化的规律. Within a quantum molecular dynamics model we calculate the largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE), the density fluctuation, and the mass distribution of fragments for a series of nuclear systems at different initial temperatures. It is found that the LLE peaks at the temperature ("critical temperature") where the density fluctuation reaches a maximal value and the mass distribution fragments is fitted best by the Fisher s power law from which the critical exponents for mass and charge distribution are obtain...     

Determining Lyapunov exponents from a time series

We present the first algorithms that allow the estimation of non-negative Lyapunov exponents from an experimental time series. Lyapunov exponents, which provide a qualitative and quantitative characterization of dynamical behavior, are related to the exponentially fast divergence or convergence of nearby orbits in phase space. A system with one or more positive Lyapunov exponents is defined to be chaotic. Our method is rooted conceptually in a previously developed technique that could only be applied to analytically defined model systems: we monitor the long-term growth rate of small volume elements in an attractor. The method is tested on model systems with known Lyapunov spectra, and applied to data for the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction and Couette-Taylor flow.     

Strange saddles and the dimensions of their invariant manifolds

Nonattracting chaotic sets play a fundamental role in typical dynamical systems. They occur, for example, in the form of chaotic transient sets and fractal basin boundaries. The subject of this paper is the dimensions of these sets and of their stable and unstable manifolds. Numerical experiments are performed to determine these dimensions. The results are consistent with a conjectured formulae expressing the dimensions in terms of Lyapunov exponents and the transient life-time associated with the strange saddle.     

Nonlinear dynamics of higher-dimensional system for an axially accelerating viscoelastic beam with in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations

In this paper, the bifurcations and chaotic motions of higher-dimensional nonlinear systems are investigated for the nonplanar nonlinear vibrations of an axially accelerating moving viscoelastic beam. The Kelvin viscoelastic model is chosen to describe the viscoelastic property of the beam material. Firstly, the nonlinear governing equations of nonplanar motion for an axially accelerating moving viscoelastic beam are established by using the generalized Hamilton’s principle for the first time. Then, based on the Galerkin’s discretization, the governing equations of nonplanar motion are simplified to a six-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system and a three-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system with parametric excitation, respectively. At last, numerical simulations, including the Poincare map, phase portrait and Lyapunov exponents are used to analyze the complex nonlinear dynamic behaviors of the axially accelerating moving viscoelastic beam. The bifurcation diagrams for the in-plane and out-of-plane displacements via the mean axial velocity, the amplitude of velocity fluctuation and the frequency of velocity fluctuation are respectively presented when other parameters are fixed. The Lyapunov exponents are calculated to identify the existence of the chaotic motions. From the numerical results, it is indicated that the periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic motions occur for the nonplanar nonlinear vibrations of the axially accelerating moving viscoelastic beam. Observing the in-plane nonlinear vibrations of the axially accelerating moving viscoelastic beam from the numerical results, it is found that the nonlinear responses of the six-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system are much different from that of the three-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system when all parameters are same.     

Dimension formula for random transformations

We consider compositions of random diffeomorphisms and show that the dimension of sample measures equals Lyapunov dimension as conjectured in the nonrandom case by Yorke et al.Both authors are supported by AFOSR. The second author is also supported by NSF and the Sloan Foundation