Glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) using basic ionic liquids as catalysts

The glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was studied using several ionic liquids and basic ionic liquids as catalysts. The basic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroxyl ([Bmim]OH), exhibits higher catalytic activity for the glycolysis of PET, compared with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bicarbonate ([Bmim]HCO₃), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim]Br). FT-IR, ¹H NMR and DSC were used to confirm the main product of glycolysis was bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomer. The influences of experimental parameters, such as the amount of catalyst, glycolysis time, reaction temperature, and dosages of ethylene glycol on the conversion of PET, yield of BHET were investigated. The results showed a strong influence of the mixture evolution of temperature and reaction time on depolymerization of PET. Under the optimum conditions of m(PET):m(EG): 1:10, dosage of [Bmim]OH at 0.1 g (5 wt%), reaction temperature 190 °C and time 2 h, the conversion of PET and the yield of BHET were 100% and 71.2% respectively. Balance between the polymerization of BHET and depolymerization of PET could be changed when the reaction time was more than 2 h and contents of catalyst and EG were changed.     

Ionic liquid mediated CO2 activation for DMC synthesis

Promoted catalytic reaction between methanol and CO2 for dimethyl carbonate(DMC) synthesis is conducted over K2CO3/CH3 I catalyst in the presence of ionic liquid under microwave irradiation.The effect of ionic liquids incorporated with microwave irradiation on the yield of DMC is investigated.DMC was found to form at lower temperature in a relative short time,which indicated an enhanced catalytic process by ionic liquid.Among the ionic liquids used,1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride is the most effective promoter.Density functional theory calculations indicate that CO2 bond lengths and angles changed due to the molecular interaction of ionic liquid and CO2,resulting in the activation of CO2 molecules and consequently the acceleration of reaction rate.     

吗啡啉碱性离子液体催化合成油酸甲酯

采用两步法合成了由阳离子N-甲基-N-丁基吗啡啉和阴离子氢氧根搭配的[Nbmm]OH新型碱性离子液体。实验利用FT-IR、元素分析和TGA分别对该离子液体的化学结构和热稳定性进行了表征。结果表明,该离子液体的热稳定性超过200℃。对该离子液体的溶解性能进行了考察, 结果表明,该离子液体能与强极性溶剂互溶,而且其水溶液的碱性较强。为了考察该离子液体对酯化反应的催化活性,实验过程中以油酸和甲醇反应生成油酸甲酯的酯化反应为模型反应,评价该离子液体的催化活性。结果表明,当反应温度60℃、酸醇比为1:6、离子液体加入量为原料总质量的15%、反应10 h时,油酸转化率达93.9%,而且该离子液体易于从反应体系中分离,可以循环使用。     

The selective recycling of mixed plastic waste of polylactic acid and polyethylene terephthalate by control of process conditions

The glycolysis of postconsumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste was evaluated with catalysts of zinc acetate, zinc stearate and zinc sulfate, showing that zinc acetate was the most soluble and effective. The chemical recycling by solvolysis of polylactic acid (PLA) and PET waste in either methanol or ethanol was investigated. Zinc acetate as a catalyst was found to be necessary to yield an effective depolymerization of waste PLA giving lactate esters, while with the same reaction conditions PET remains as an unconverted solid. This provides a strategy to selectively recycle mixed plastic waste by converting one plastic to a liquid and recovering the unreacted solid plastic by filtration.     

Glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) catalyzed by ionic liquids

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) from an industrial manufacturer was depolymerized by ethylene glycol in the presence of a novel catalyst: ionic liquids. It was found that the purification process of the products in the glycolysis catalyzed by ionic liquids was simpler than that catalyzed by traditional compounds, such as metal acetate. Qualitative analysis showed that the main product in the glycolysis process was the bis(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomer. Thermal analysis of the glycolysis products was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The influences of experimental parameters, such as the amount of catalyst, glycolysis time, reaction temperature, and water content in the catalyst on the conversion of PET, selectivity of BHET, and distribution of the products were investigated. Results show that reaction temperature is a critical factor in this process. In addition, a detailed reaction mechanism of the glycolysis of PET was proposed.     

新型Br(o)nsted-Lewis酸性离子液体的合成及其在松香二聚反应中的应用

合成、表征了新型Bronsted-Lewis酸性离子液体1-(3-磺酸)-丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯锌酸盐([HO3S-(CH2)3-mim]Cl-ZnCl2),并将其用于催化松香二聚反应.结果表明,[HO3S-(CH2)3-mim]Cl-ZnCl2(ZnCl2摩尔分数x＞0.5)为Bronsted和Lewis双酸性,且以[HO3S-(CH2)3-mim]Cl-ZnCl2 (x=0.64)的催化性能较佳.在松香5.0 g,甲苯15 g,离子液体质量分数5%,反应温度110℃和反应时间4 h的较佳实验条件下,所得产物聚合松香的软化点为118 ℃.此外,该催化剂的使用有利于产物的分离且分离的离子液体催化剂具有良好的重复使用性能.     

Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Methanol and Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by Potassium Hydroxide under Mild Conditions

The synthesis of dimethyl carbonate （DMC） from methanol and carbon dioxide using potassium hydroxide as catalyst in the presence of CH3I and the effect of ionic liquid on the reaction were investigated. The results showed that KOH is an effective catalyst; the high selectivity and raised yield of DMC formation under mild conditions were achieved. However, the addition of the ionic liquid, l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide （emimBr）, can evidently accelerate the conversion of methanol and yield of the product.     

功能特异性杂多酸离子液体催化丁二酸水溶液直接酯化

将以磺化六亚甲基四胺([HMT-4PS])制备的阳离子与以杂多酸([HPA])制备的阴离子结合, 制备了一系列功能特异性离子液体催化剂([HMT-4PS][HPA]); 将其用于催化甲醇(MeOH)与丁二酸(SA)水溶液的直接酯化反应. 结果表明, 该系列离子液体在反应过程中以“乳状液”的形式均匀分散在体系中. 反应结束后, 通过降低体系极性即可实现催化剂的快速分离. 在合成的系列催化剂中, [HMT-4PS]₃[PW]₄表现出最佳的催化活性. 分别探讨了反应温度、 催化剂用量、 酸醇摩尔比和反应时间等因素对反应的影响, 确定了最优反应条件: 温度80 ℃, 催化剂用量5%(质量分数, 按丁二酸水溶液计), n(SA)∶n(MeOH)=1∶30, 反应时间8 h. 最优条件下丁二酸的转化率达到79.3%, 二酯选择性达到92.9%; 该催化剂重复使用5次后, 丁二酸转化率及二酯选择性仍分别保持在77%及90%以上.     

双核碱性离子液体催化棉籽油酯交换制备生物柴油

采用两步法制备了五种新型咪唑类碱性双核功能化离子液体化合物,并考察了对棉籽油酯交换制备生物柴油的催化性能。结果表明,咪唑类碱性双核功能化离子液体具有很好的催化活性,其催化活性与阳离子中碳链长度有关。其中,双-(3-甲基-1-咪唑)亚乙基双氢氧化物离子液体的催化活性最好。催化剂量、反应时间、反应温度及醇油比对生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯含量及选择性影响的研究发现,在催化剂用量为0.4%(质量分数),醇油摩尔比为12,反应温度为55℃,反应时间为4 h时,脂肪酸甲酯的含量和选择性分别达98.5%和99.9%。催化剂7次循环后,产物中脂肪酸甲酯含量仍达到96.2%,单甘酯和双甘酯的含量很少,表明该催化剂重复使用良好。     

水饱和离子液体中萘普生的酶法拆分

 考察了五种水饱和离子液体反应介质中固定化脂肪酶催化外消旋萘普生甲酯的水解. 结果表明,这些具有不同阴阳离子组合的咪唑基离子液体作为反应介质都能促进水解反应的有效进行,但在水饱和1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(［bmim］PF6)中,反应进行得更快,转化率更高. 这些离子液体对脂肪酶均有一定的溶解作用并使溶解的脂肪酶失活. 脂肪酶在离子液体中的溶解度与其剩余活性之间有一定的相关性. 为了解决脂肪酶在离子液体中的溶解问题,使用非极性、高比表面积的无定形多孔硅胶YWG-C6H5对脂肪酶进行了固定化. 在水饱和［bmim］PF6中使用固定化脂肪酶催化反应,反应72 h的转化率为28.3%, 产物的对映体过量值为98.2%, 继续进行反应,转化率将增加,但产物的对映体过量值明显下降. 利用离子液体有别于传统有机溶剂的特性,对离子液体的循环使用、产物的回收和水的补充方法进行了研究. 在反复批式反应中,固定化脂肪酶连续使用五次,活性仅略微下降.     

大麻籽油合成生物柴油

大麻籽油;甲醇;甲酯化;生物柴油;酯交换     

新型高效 Br(o)nsted 酸性离子液体催化剂体系催化烯烃齐聚反应

烯烃齐聚是重要的化工反应之一, 是指低碳烯烃在催化剂存在下发生聚合反应, 生成一个或多个单体重复相连的化合物过程. 烯烃齐聚反应是一种碳链增长过程, 是生成线性α-烯烃的重要过程. 齐聚反应主要生成单体的二聚、三聚、四聚或五聚物等低聚体, 发生反应的单体主要是低碳烯烃如乙烯、丙烯、正丁烯和异丁烯等. 烯烃齐聚产物应用十分广泛, 可以用于合成环境友好的液体燃料、长链烷烃润滑油、表面活性剂、增塑剂、汽油柴油添加剂等重要化工产品, 同时齐聚产物本身亦是重要的化工中间体和化学试剂. 烯烃齐聚反应研究的重点内容是开发新颖高效的催化剂, 以满足不同需要, 而应用 Br(o)nsted 酸性功能化离子液体作为催化剂用于齐聚反应的报道较少.本文考察了新型高效催化剂体系 (Br(o)nsted 酸性离子液体作为主催化剂, 三辛基甲基氯化铵作为助剂) 对烯烃齐聚反应的催化性能. 合成的 Br(o)nsted 酸性离子液体通过红外光谱、紫外可见光谱、1H 核磁共振和13C 核磁共振等进行系列表征,并进一步分析其结构与酸度的关系. 结果表明, 在相同的反应条件下, Br(o)nsted 酸性离子液体[HIMBs]HSO4对烯烃齐聚反应具有最好的催化活性. 本文考察了不同离子液体、离子液体用量、不同助剂、助剂用量、反应时间、反应压力、反应温度和不同溶剂等因素对反应的影响, 得到了最佳反应条件: 催化剂体系为[HIMBs]HSO4与三辛基甲基氯化铵, [HIMBs]HSO4/异丁烯摩尔比为25%, [HIMBs]HSO4/助剂 (三辛基甲基氯化铵)摩尔比为20:1 , 140 ℃, 8 h, 反应起始压力为2.0 MPa, 无添加溶剂 (离子液体本身作催化剂和溶剂). 在最佳反应条件下对反应物进行了拓展, 并研究了催化剂体系的循环使用情况. 在最佳反应条件下, 异丁烯齐聚反应中反应物转化率为 83.21%, 三聚物选择性高达 35.80%, 二聚物选择性为52.02%, 四聚物选择性为 3.14%. 结果表明, 本文提出的催化剂体系对烯烃齐聚反应具有较好的催化性能. 同时, 催化剂体系可以通过静置分层与产物分离, 并进行循环使用. 根据以往的报道和反应产物分布, 推测了烯烃齐聚反应机理. 烯烃齐聚反应为酸催化反应, 生成碳正离子中间体进行碳链增长, 生成齐聚产物.     

室温离子液体催化合成碳酸丙烯酯

碳酸丙烯酯(PC)是一种性能优良的高沸点高极性有机溶剂,在有机合成、化妆品、气体分离、电池介电质[1]及金属萃取[2]等领域得到广泛的应用. 近年来,许多尿素生产厂家将其用作脱碳剂,使其需求量大增. PC合成方法主要有光气法、酯交换法、氯丙醇法及环氧丙烷(PO)与CO2环加成等. 其中, 以PO与CO2为原料环加成制PC是一条低污染、环境友好的路线. 已报道的用于PO与CO2环加成的催化剂有碱、季铵盐、金属盐[3]、配合物[4～6]以及MgO[7], MgO-Al2O3[8], KI/ZnO[9],KI/冠醚和KI/聚乙二醇[10]等. 尽管品种繁多,但仍存在催化剂活性不高,产物分离及催化剂回收困难等问题.     

微波促进酸性离子液体催化水杨酸酯化

用自制的硫酸氢1-甲基-3-(3-磺酸基丙基)咪唑([MIMPS]HSO4)酸性离子液体作为水杨酸与醇的酯化反应催化剂,考察了温度、时间、物料配比和离子液体用量等因素对酯化反应的影响,优化的最佳反应条件为: 微波辐射时间20 min,反应温度95 ℃,醇与酸摩尔比3∶1(水杨酸的量为0.02 mol),[MIMPS]HSO4用量10 mmol,水杨酸甲酯的产率和选择性分别为91.9%和99.0%。 离子液体回收循环使用4次,催化效率不变。 与热催化酯化反应相比,微波辐射可缩短反应时间;水杨酸与不同碳链醇的酯化产率随着碳链的增加而降低,同碳链的伯醇酯化率比仲醇高。     

离子液体催化脱除芳烃中微量烯烃的研究

以室温离子液体为催化剂,对芳烃中的微量烯烃杂质进行深度脱除。考察了离子液体种类、用量、温度等不同因素对烯烃脱除效果的影响。结果表明,[bmim]Br-AlCl₃离子液体显示了优良的催化性能,在离子液体的质量分数为5%、室温、反应10min下,溴指数从原料的773.5下降到10以下,芳烃中微量烯烃脱除率达到99%以上,离子液体可重复使用,并对反应机理进行了研究。     

Unique role of water content in enzymatic synthesis of ethyl lactate using ionic liquid as solvent

Enzymatic synthesis of ethyl lactate was studied in organic solvents and in ionic liquids to determine optimal media for the reaction, and to investigate the effect of water content on the ester yield. Experiments proved that Cyphos 202 ionic liquid is the best solvent affording the highest ethyl lactate yields. Furthermore, 20 times less enzyme sufficed to carry out the reaction in this ionic liquid compared to organic solvents; ionic liquid could be applied as solvent. Using water removal, the ester yield decreased since a side reaction, dimerization of lactic acid, occurred as well. In contrast to these results, without water removal, the produced water was partly consumed by the decomposition of lactoyllactic acid to free lactic acid, increasing thus the substrate concentration of the mixture and enhancing the ester yield.     

果糖在酸性离子液体中脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛

制备了多种离子液体,并将其作为催化剂和溶剂催化果糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）。 制备的酸性离子液体包括磺酸基功能化酸性离子液体、咪唑类酸性离子液体和吡啶类酸性离子液体。 利用核磁共振仪和红外光谱仪对离子液体的结构进行表征。 利用紫外可见光分光光度计结合Hammett指示剂计算Hammett酸度函数,比较了酸强度的大小对反应的影响。 结果表明,离子液体的酸强度对反应有较大影响,在无其它催化剂和溶剂的情况下,离子液体具有较高的催化活性,通过使用1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(BmimCl)作为催化剂,当反应温度为120 ℃,反应进行到4 h时,HMF收率可以达到74.97%。     

UV-light induced photodegradation of bisphenol a in water: Kinetics and influencing factors

The synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol and ethylene carbonate (EC) without using any solvent was investigated in the presence of ionic liquids as catalysts. The conversion of ethylene carbonate was affected by the structure of ionic liquid. For a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids, the one with shorter alkyl chain and the one with more nucleophilic anion showed higher reactivity. The conversion of EC also increased with CO₂ pressure and reaction temperature. Esterification of EC and methanol can be considered as a pseudo-first order reaction with respect to EC concentration. The activation energy was estimated as 50.1 kJ/mol.     

Preparation of biodiesel catalysed by KF/CaO with ultrasound

Biodiesel, chemically consists of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) produced by methanolysis of natural triglycerides, such as animal fats and vegetable oils, is a kind of biomass energy, which is renewable and ecofriendly. In this article, KF/CaO was used as solid base catalyst for transesterification of soya bean oil and methanol, while ultrasound as supplementary means. Compared to mechanical stirring, ultrasound treatment is an effective method to increase the yield of FAME and shorten reaction time. By single-factor method, the optimisation of reaction conditions has been studied. The research showed that the optimum reaction conditions were: w(catalyst)/w(oil): 3%, reaction temperature: 65°C, n(methanol)/n(oil): 12, reaction time: 1?h, sound intensity: 1.01?W?cm(-2), frequency: 20?kHz, the yield of FAME could be 97%.     

四羰基钴/咪唑离子液体在羰基化合成丙二酸二甲酯反应中的催化性能

采用原位法合成了不同类型的四羰基钴/咪唑离子液体催化剂, 并考察了其在氯乙酸甲酯羰基化反应中的催化性能. 研究了咪唑环上不同支链对催化活性的影响. 结果表明, 1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑羰基钴离子液体[Bmim][Co(Co)₄]不仅催化活性高, 选择性好, 而且对空气和水有较好的稳定性能. 在p_CO=2.0 MPa, 85 ℃, 反应3 h的条件下, [Bmim][Co(Co)₄]催化剂循环使用4次, 氯乙酸甲酯的平均转化率为94.3%, 丙二酸二甲酯的平均选择性和平均产率分别为98.5%和92.9%. 与传统的Na[Co(Co)₄]催化剂相比, [Bmim][Co(Co)₄]催化剂在保证高活性的条件下可以实现羰基钴催化剂的直接循环使用.