聚合物注入能力的实验研究

聚合物驱油作为一种重要的三次采油方法,在国内外油气田开发中得到了广泛应用.聚合物驱油效果的好坏取决于多种因素,其中很重要的一个因素是聚合物的注入能力,这一因素直接决定了聚合物驱油的成败.本文利用实验方法研究了聚合物的分子质量、岩样的渗透率以及注入速度等因素对聚合物注入能力的影响.结果表明,聚合物溶液具有粘弹性,注入速度增大,注入性变差.同时聚合物分子量越大,岩心渗透率越低,聚合物注入性越差.对于孤岛中一区,平均孔隙半径与聚合物分子折算半径之比大于10时,聚合物可顺利注入地层.研究结果可用于指导现场聚合物的选取,从而有效保证聚合物的注入能力,使聚合物驱油达到预期效果.     

基于核磁共振技术的非均质岩心中泡沫动态稳定性评价方法及应用

基于有效孔隙体积守恒和核磁共振技术建立了泡沫在岩心中的动态稳定性的评价方法. 利用油、水标定方法测量了岩心中油相和泡沫液的体积, 计算了泡沫在岩心驱替过程中的动态稳定因子. 测试了双层非均质岩心的横向弛豫谱线及核磁共振图像, 比较了纳米颗粒强化泡沫和表面活性剂泡沫的驱油效果和动态稳定因子. 结果表明, 岩心中的含水体积在注入2.0 PV泡沫前快速上升随后基本稳定; 而含气体积逐渐上升, 注入5.0 PV泡沫后上升速率变小. 泡沫的动态稳定因子经历了骤减、递增和平稳3个阶段. 泡沫前期的驱油效果主要依赖于水相, 随着含水体积基本稳定, 岩心的产油速率和泡沫动态稳定因子的增长速率具有明显正相关关系, 即中后期取决于泡沫气体对剩余油的驱替能力. 与表面活性剂泡沫相比, 纳米颗粒强化泡沫提高了低渗层的波及能力和驱油效率, 抑制了泡沫发展的不稳定阶段并且提高了动态稳定因子最终的平衡值. 该稳定性评价方法可用于反映泡沫渗流特点并筛选适合储层特征的稳定泡沫体系.      

矸石山剖面颗粒分布规律的实验研究

为研究矸石山内部剖面上不同粒径矸石的分布规律,首先利用因次分析方法,将影响矸石山堆积过程的10个物理力学参数简化为3个无因次量,并依此结果确定实验的相似判据与相似比,进而采用相似模拟方法对矸石山的整个堆积过程进行还原与再现。实验结果表明:矸石山顶部多分布为小粒径矸石,底部多分布大粒径矸石,中部区域由小粒径与中等粒径、中等粒径与大粒径交替发生尖灭而形成倾斜的锯齿状条纹结构;每条条纹存在2个临界角:一个是矸石颗粒能保持稳定的角度,约为24°～26°;另一个是矸石颗粒停止下滑的角度,约为34°～36°。     

致密油藏动态裂缝扩展机理及应用

致密油藏采用注水吞吐补充地层能量取得了一定效果. 但多轮次注水吞吐后, 地层压力和产量降低快. 本文考虑了致密油藏复杂的裂缝形态, 根据艾尔文理论及弹性力学剖析I型裂缝尖端附近的应力场分布, 基于渗流力学、裂缝性致密油藏特征及动态裂缝渗流规律, 建立了多裂缝交叉裂缝扩展渗流模型, 结合注水诱导裂缝扩展机理及断裂力学能量守恒原理, 得到裂缝扩展长度. 依据致密油藏逆向渗吸原理, 提出将注水吞吐转为不稳定脉冲注水. 对比分析注水吞吐、脉冲注水2种能量补充发方式, 预测10年累计采油、压力及剩余油分布. 结果表明, 裂缝净内压随着注水量的增加而升高, 当应力场强度因子达到断裂韧度, 在裂缝尖端会发生扩展. 扩展及延伸的天然裂缝相互沟通, 呈现不规则复杂缝网, 在复杂缝网中主要发生逆向渗吸作用. 脉冲注水累计产油高、注水波及面积广、逆向渗吸作用强. 裂缝性致密油藏水平井注水吞吐转变为脉冲注水方式, 能够充分发挥动态缝网的逆向渗吸及线性驱替作用, 实现有效驱油的目的.      

特低渗油藏不同开发方式室内实验研究

把特低渗透油藏岩心根据渗透率划分为不同等级,分别对不同等级岩心进行注水、注氮气和注二氧化碳室内实验.测得了不同开发方式条件下注采压差梯度和洗油效率,回归出不同开发方式下洗油效率随渗透率变化关系式,并对不同开发方式效果进行对比分析.研究结果表明:特低渗油藏在不同方式开发过程中,注入压力都表现为先上升后下降,最后趋于稳定值...     

气液非混相驱替过程中的卡断机理及模拟研究

研究气液非混相驱替过程中的相界面卡断机理及其影响因素在气驱, 气水交替及泡沫驱等提高油气采收率领域具有重要意义. 本文在原始伪势格子玻尔兹曼模型的基础上, 改进流体-流体作用力格式, 添加流-固作用力, 耦合RK状态方程, 并采用精确差分方法将外力添加到LBM框架中. 通过校准模型的热力学一致性以及模拟测试界面张力, 静态平衡接触角及液相在角隅的滞留等一系列两相体系验证模型的准确性. 基于改进的伪势格子玻尔兹曼模型, 在孔-喉-孔系统中开展气液非混相驱替模拟, 结果表明: 卡断现象与驱替压差, 孔喉长度比及孔喉宽度比有关, 只有当驱替压差处于一定范围内时, 气液两相驱替过程中才会发生卡断现象; 当驱替压差大于临界驱替压差上限时, 即使达到了经典静态准则所预测的卡断条件, 卡断也会被抑制; 当驱替压差小于临界驱替压差下限时, 无法克服毛管“钉扎”作用, 形成无效驱替. 对于固定孔喉宽度比的孔-喉-孔结构, 随着孔喉长度比的增大, 发生卡断现象的驱替压差范围增大; 对于固定孔喉长度比的孔-喉-孔结构, 随着孔喉宽度比的减小, 发生卡断现象的驱替压差范围增大.      

水润滑环境下聚合物PLL-g-PEG的宏观摩擦学性能的研究

将聚(L-赖氨酸)-g-聚(乙二醇)(以下简称PLL-g-PEG)溶解在HEPES水溶液中时,通过球-3板式摩擦试验机研究了添加聚合物PLL-g-PEG对摩擦磨损性能的影响;利用光干涉法在球-盘式纳米薄膜测量装置上初步研究了水基润滑环境下PLL-g-PEG对成膜特性的影响. 结果表明:PLL-g-PEG可降低摩擦并减小磨损,主要归因于表面接枝PLL-g-PEG后形成的一层“刷”状的水化层(Hydration)起到了良好润滑作用,且摩擦性能的改善程度主要受接触应力、卷吸速度和摩擦表面基底材料的影响. 试验过程中发现了水基润滑条件下,PLL-g-PEG聚合物刷在摩擦过程中不断遭到破坏,与此同时又快速吸附到摩擦表面上而进行“自我治愈”的行为,故而有效改善了润滑效果. 光干涉的测量结果表明:添加PLL-g-PEG后,在接枝聚合物刷的球和玻璃盘的接触面间形成了一层由聚合物刷促成的且具有一定承载能力的水化层,这层水膜保护层虽然非常薄,却可以在卷吸速度为1~64 mm/s时有效分离上下接触面从而达到良好的润滑效果. 该研究工作将为深入理解水基润滑的成膜特性及机理提供必要的支持.      

Co+C离子注入层的摩擦磨损行为研究

采用金属蒸气真空弧放电离子源在奥氏体不锈钢上进行Co C离子的双注入与同时注入,研究了Co C双注入层和同时注入层元素的成分深度分布及其摩擦磨损行为.结果表明:双注入和同时注入方式均能够在不锈钢表面产生1个Co与C共存区域,注入离子浓度范围宽化,强化范围增加;双注入和同时注入均能够提高不锈钢的表面硬度,降低其表面的摩擦系数,提高其耐磨性;采用大剂量同时注入方式改善摩擦磨损性能的效果优于双注入方式.     

高超声速溢流冷却实验研究

高超声速溢流冷却是一种新型的飞行器热防护方法,基本思想为:在高热流区布置溢流孔,控制冷却液以溢流方式流出,之后通过飞行器表面摩阻作用展布为液膜,形成热缓冲层以降低飞行器表面热流. 目前,溢流冷却技术还处于探索阶段,实现工程应用前还需开展大量的实验验证和机理研究工作. 本文首次开展溢流冷却的实验研究工作,采用热流测量、液膜厚度测量及液膜流动特性观测技术,搭建了完善的溢流冷却风洞实验平台,对溢流冷却热防护性能和高超声速条件下液膜流动规律进行了初步研究. 研究表明:(1) 高超声速流场中通过溢流能够在飞行器表面形成液膜并有效隔离外部高温气流,可降低飞行器表面热流率;(2) 楔面上的液膜前缘流动是一个逐渐减速的过程,增加冷却液流量液膜厚度变化不明显,但液膜前缘运动速度增大;(3) 液膜层存在表面波,在时间和空间方向发生演化,导致液膜厚度的微弱扰动;(4) 液膜层存在横向展宽现象,即液膜层宽度大于溢流缝宽度. 原因是液膜层与流场边界层条件不匹配,存在压力梯度,迫使冷却液向低压区流动,从而展宽液膜层,并且流量越高,横向展宽现象越明显.      

两尺度Duffing系统的动力吸振器减振研究

两尺度耦合的Duffing系统存在复杂振动, 此类振动具有振幅大、频率高的特点, 对系统的危害不容忽视. 研究了线性动力吸振器对低频参数激励下Duffing系统的振动控制问题, 通过对比耦合动力吸振器前后系统的时间历程图、相图, 发现加入动力吸振器后系统会由单一振动模式转变为混合振动模式(簇发振动), 振动幅值明显减小, 尤其对高频振动部分抑制明显. 利用快慢分析法, 当参数激励为慢变过程时得到相应的自治系统, 并发现自治系统稳定性与分岔行为对非自治系统振动响应具有明显调节作用. 研究结果表明, 虽然耦合动力吸振器前后自治系统均发生叉形分岔, 但是加入吸振器后自治系统稳定性发生变化, 稳定中心变为渐进稳定的焦点, 稳定平衡线对非自治系统轨线的吸引力增强, 使得响应振动幅值减小; 另外轨线在不同吸引子之间的跳跃次数减少, 也是导致响应振动幅值减小的另一个原因. 通过对参数激励的相关参数减振效果分析, 发现加入的动力吸振器在较大的振动幅值和频率范围内都能起到抑制系统振动的作用. 为两尺度系统耦合线性动力吸振器减振研究提供了理论依据.      

Stabilization of flow boiling in a micro tube with air injection

Air injection as a stabilization method is evaluated for flow boiling in a micro tube. Pyrex glass tube coated by ITO film is employed as a test tube for flow visualization with water as a working fluid. Air bubble and liquid slug lengths are controlled by changing air and liquid mass velocities. Wall temperatures and inlet/outlet pressures show very large fluctuations during flow boiling without air injection. Severe reverse flow is also observed from flow visualization. On the other hand, wall temperature and inlet/outlet pressures as well as visualized flow patterns become very stable with air injection. In addition, much higher heat transfer coefficients are obtained for air injected cases. It is observed from the flow visualization that the flow becomes much stable and shows regular patterns.     

地下岩体的垂向渗透率测试及分析

本文介绍了在真实油井中使用阵列压力计测量油藏薄层垂向渗透率的实验方法。通过注水-停注并多次重复此过程使地层产生压差,并在井中不同深度放置压力计接收压力信号。为分析压力的变化,本文从渗流力学基本方程出发,对其无量纲化并采用Laplace变换及数值反变换技术,得到考虑垂向渗透率的地层压力分布表达式,利用这一表达式,对测试的压力资料进行解释。最后根据非线性回归理论对其中的4只压力计的压力资料进行分析,得到了各层垂向渗透率。     

An analysis of the viability of polymer flooding as an enhanced oil recovery technology

The concept of improving oil recovery through polymer flooding is analysed. It is shown that while the injection of a polymer solution improves reservoir conformance, this beneficial effect ceases as soon as one attempts to push the polymer solution with water. Once water injection begins, the water quickly passes through the polymer creating a path along which all future injected water flows. Thus, the volume of the polymer slug is important to the process and an efficient recovery would require that the vast majority of the reservoir be flooded by polymer. It is also shown that the concept of grading a polymer slug to match the mobilities of the fluids at the leading and trailing edges of a polymer slug does not work in a petroleum reservoir. While this process can supply some additional stability to the slug, it is shown that for the purposes of enhanced oil recovery this additional stability is not great enough to be of any practical use. It is found that in this case the instability has simply been hidden in the interior of the slug and causes the same sort of instability to occur as was the case for the uniform slug.     

Two-phase flow patterns of a top heat mode closed loop oscillating heat pipe with check valves (THMCLOHP/CV)

This research is aimed at studying the two-phase flow pattern of a top heat mode closed loop oscillating heat pipe with check valves. The working fluids used are ethanol and R141b and R11 coolants with a filling ratio of 50% of the total volume. It is found that the maximum heat flux occurs for the R11 coolant used as the working fluid in the case with the inner diameter of 1.8 mm, inclination angle of ?90?, evaporator temperature of 125?C, and evaporator length of 50 mm. The internal flow patterns are found to be slug flow/disperse bubble flow/annular flow, slug flow/disperse bubble flow/churn flow, slug flow/bubble flow/annular flow, slug flow/disperse bubble flow, bubble flow/annular flow, and slug flow/annular flow.     

Simulation of micellar-polymericwater-flooding in a system of wells

A mathematical model of the time-dependent two-dimensional flow of a two-phase multicomponent incompressible fluid through a porous medium is proposed for the micellar-polymeric flooding of oil reservoirs. The oil displacement process is investigated numerically using an implicit first-order-accurate upwind scheme with integration over the nonlinearity on a uniform grid under the assumption of plane-radial motion in the neighborhood of the wells. The influence of the nonuniform permeability of the porous medium on the efficiency of the proposed method of improving oil recovery is analyzed using a five-point slug injection scheme.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, 2004, pp. 124–132. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Inogamov and Khabeev.     

Gas/shear-thinning liquid flows through pipes: Modeling and experiments

In chemical and oil industry gas/shear-thinning liquid two-phase flows are frequently encountered. In this work, we investigate experimentally the flow characteristics of air/shear-thinning liquid systems in horizontal and slightly inclined smooth pipes. The experiments are performed in a 9-m-long glass pipe using air and three different carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions as test fluids. Flow pattern maps are built by visual observation using a high-speed camera. The observed flow patterns are stratified, plug, and slug flow. The effects of the pipe inclination and the rheology of the shear-thinning fluid in terms of flow pattern maps are presented. The predicted existence region of the stratified flow regime is compared with the experimental observation showing a good agreement. A mechanistic model valid for air/power-law slug flow is proposed and model predictions are compared to the experimental data showing a good agreement. Slug flow characteristics are investigated by the analysis of the signals of a capacitance probe: slug velocity, slug frequency, and slug lengths are measured. A new correlation for the slug frequency is proposed and the results are promising.     

注射模浇口位置优化的设计空间确定方法

在注射模具的浇口位置优化中，给出确定可行设计空间的一种方法。在总注射速率一定情况下，通过对给定浇口的注射速率进行优化，估计熔体在型腔中流动所受阻力及沆长，确定了单浇口位置可行设计空间。算例分析证明浇口位置可行设计空问确定方法是正确的。     

A 5‐equation,transient, hyperbolic, 1‐dimensional model for slug capturing in pipes

A novel numerical scheme for slug capturing in pipes using a 1‐dimensional transient hyperbolic 5‐equation 2‐fluid model is presented. Previous work has shown that 1‐dimensional 2‐fluid models are able to capture slug flow automatically. In this work, a similar approach is further developed using a new numerical scheme, applied to a hyperbolic 5‐equation 2‐fluid model. Starting from a finite volume discretisation of a 5‐equation 2‐fluid hyperbolic model and adding appropriate closure relations, a second‐order code is implemented and applied to air‐water flows in horizontal pipes, simulating the 2‐phase to 1‐phase flow process. The code is evaluated in some common standard test cases. A slug capturing application is also discussed. We show, in an air/water horizontal pipe, slug initiation, growth, and development. Moreover, a grid refinement analysis is performed showing that the method is grid independent and we show the code capability to take into account eventual surface tension effects, through the instantaneous pressure relaxation process. Finally, a prediction of flow regime transitions is shown and compared with a well‐known theoretical flow pattern map in addition to a preliminary comparison of computed slug characteristics against well‐known empirical correlations.     

Modeling the acidizing of a carbonate formation

Two approaches to the determination of the optimum conditions of the well bottom zone treatment in a carbonate formation are considered and compared. The first, bench approach is based on the investigation of the process of wormhole formation in rock cores, while the second approach is the mathematical modeling of the process within the framework of mechanics of multi-component seepage flows using averaged values of the reservoir porosity and permeability. A mathematical model of the process, that takes account for fluid flow and the chemical reaction between the acid and the rock matrix proceeding in the kinetic regime, is presented. Both approaches indicate the existence of an optimum rate of acid solution injection into the formation at a certain given value of the dimensionless Damköller number.     

A technique to determine total shear stress and polymer stress profiles in drag reduced boundary layer flows

Two methods of recovering the entire total shear stress profile from incomplete velocity data in turbulent boundary layers are presented and validated for both DNS simulations and experimental measurements. The first method, an exponential–polynomial curve fit, recovers the whole total shear stress profile using the data from the outer part of the boundary layer (y/δ>0.3). However, while performing well, this curve fit is sensitive to the quality of the data. The second method, a new (1−y/δ) weighted straight line fit, which is very simple and accurate, has been applied to current experiments of drag reduction in zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers with and without polymer injection. The total shear stress profile obtained from this fit is used to estimate the contribution of the polymer stress to the total shear stress. It shows that the polymer stress is significant only in the inner part of the boundary layer and the magnitude of the polymer stress is not always proportional to the drag reduction.