硝酸氯冰溶胶水解反应过程的计算模拟

用二级微扰(MP2)和密度泛函理论(B3LYP),辅以不同的基组,对硝酸氯在冰表面上水解反应的机理进行了理论计算研究.根据关键部位化学键的松弛效应和关键原子的电荷分布,对冰表面催化的原因进行了深入分析.水分子一方面作为桥,辅助分子间质子发生迁移;另一方面作为连续介质,通过偶极相互作用加快硝酸氯的水解过程.     

混合式格点法研究氧在银或银合金表面的吸附动力学

本文改进了混合式格点法对第一时间步的计算方法, 在保持原有精度的基础上, 减少计算时间约三个数量级。用这一方法, 研究了氧在银及其合金表面的吸附动力学。计算表明: 氧分子在银表面有效吸附的反应阈值是6.29kJ/mol, 这和实验所得的活化能相同。当氧分子动量大于45a.u.或合金中金配比大于0.30时,氧分子均无法在银及其合金表面形成稳定吸附, 这此结果和实验一致。计算中没有发现分子氧直接解离成原子氧的现象。从计算结果中推测, 处在振动激发态的氧分子比处在振动基态的氧分子更容易吸附在银表面。     

Cl/Ag(111)体系研究——Ⅲ.Cl吸附对O_2吸附的影响

考察了Ag(111)表面和吸氯的Ag(111)表面上氧的吸附行为.结果表明在Ag(111)及低暴露量氯吸附的Ag(111)上氧吸附时,表面上均存在弱的分子氧和原子氧物种.但在高暴露量氯吸附的Ag(111)表面上氧吸附时则选择性地只产生表面分子氧物种,这种选择性只与氯的吸附程度有关,而与氯的存在与否无关.结合以前的实验结果,对氯吸附至(c)阶段时的Ag(111)表面上氧的选择性吸附行为的本质作了详细讨论.     

硝酸氯在冰表面上反应的研究

对硝酸氯与一，二，三个水分子的反应作为硝酸氯在冰表面上反应的模型进行了理论研究．MP2     

正己烷溶液中4一氯联苯的紫外光降解研究

研究了正己烷溶液中4一氯联苯的紫外光降解反应。首次讨论了正己烷溶液中多氯联苯的特征紫外吸收和光反应中氯的形成的研究，光降解的主要反应途径为一级反应的脱氯。分子中C-Cl键断裂形成联苯自由基，该自由基从溶剂分子上脱去氢形成联苯，在光照下联苯继续降解最终生成脂肪烃。联苯的紫外光降解实验进一步证明了这种机理。     

氯代烃光解活泼自由基的ESR研究

本文用2,4-二硝基苯亚甲基特丁基氮氧化物(DNPBN)作自由基捕捉剂研究了氯代烃光解过程产生的自由基中间体。实验结果表明在汞灯照射下键能较低的多氯代烷烃分子中的碳-氯键极易发生均裂而产生碳中心自由基与活泼的氯原子, 并且后者可被DNPBN捕获, 形成颇为稳定的氮氧自由基加合物[Cl-DNPBN]~·。对多氯代苯,随着取代氯原子数目增多, 加合物[Cl-DNPBN]~·的ESR信号强度也明显增加。此外, DNPBN对氯原子的大量捕捉实验还证明它对氯原子是一种高效的特征捕捉剂。     

中国典型超高硫煤有机相中分子氯存在的实验证据

运用,主性能静态二次离子质谱从中国贵州六枝超高硫无烟煤有机相中观测到分子氯（Cl2）的团簇负离子,从而首次获得分子氯在原煤中存在的实验证据。结合不久前从相同原煤有机相观测到元素硫（S8）的研究结果,表明易挥发性元素能够以其化学单质状态在原煤有机相中稳定存在;其来源可能与地球排气作用与原煤的富含纳米孔隙性质和化学还原微环境密切相关。     

2-氯噻吩在 Rh(111) 表面吸附的密度泛函理论研究

 采用密度泛函理论探讨了 2-氯噻吩分子在 Rh(111) 表面上吸附行为. 结果表明, 平行的 hol 位及 bridge 位上的吸附最稳定. 吸附后, 2-氯噻吩键长发生明显变化, 分子平面被扭曲, 分子中 C–H(Cl, S) 相对于金属表面倾斜上翘. 垂直吸附模式不如平行吸附模式稳定, 但吸附后噻吩环未发生变形. hol 及 bridge 吸附模式下 2-氯噻吩的芳香性已遭破坏, 噻吩环上的碳原子呈现准 sp3 杂化. 在平行的 hol 位吸附后, 2-氯噻吩环累计得到 0.77 个电子, 而 Rh(111) 表面累计失去 1.19 个电子.     

NO3-+Cl2→ClONO2+Cl-反应势能面和势能阱

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法和6-311+G(d)基组, 计算构建离子-分子气相反应NO3-+Cl2→ClONO2+Cl-的三维势能面. 三维反应势能面证明该反应没有过渡态和势能垒, 但是存在一个深达-55.0 kJ/mol的势能阱(以氯气分子和硝酸根离子相隔无穷远为参量). 在势能阱底部, 有个化合物(O2NOClCl)- 称为势阱化合物, 依赖于势能阱而稳定存在. 理论红外光谱预测低温红外光谱能检测该势阱化合物. 低温条件下, 该反应由热力学控制, 反应产物是势阱化合物(O2NOClCl)-. 当温度升高, 该反应由动力学控制, 势阱化合物(O2NOClCl)-不稳定, 发生分解反应, 重新生成NO3-和Cl2. 研究结果可用来解释低温时ClONO2与Cl-气相反应不能产生Cl2的原因.     

氧分子1s电子的定域和离域性研究

由于电子能谱的发展,使得对原子和分子中电子的结合能能精确测定。氧分子的电子能谱已经比较详细地研究过,这样就能借助较精确的计算来解释氧分子的能谱,这对于研究分子的电子状态是很有帮助的。如其中一个重要问题就是分子中内层电子是离域的还是定域的,用电子能谱这个手段就可能解决这个问题。Basus等用接近精确的 Hartree-Fock方法计算了氧分子,结论是氧分子的1s电子是定域的。本文的目的是用另一种计算方法,即 SCF-Xα-SW法,来研究氧分子1s电子的定域和离域问题。     

Aerosol chamber study of optical constants and N2O5 uptake on supercooled H2SO4/H2O/HNO3 solution droplets at polar stratospheric cloud temperatures

The mechanism of the formation of supercooled ternary H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O/HNO(3) solution (STS) droplets in the polar winter stratosphere, i.e., the uptake of nitric acid and water onto background sulfate aerosols at T < 195 K, was successfully mimicked during a simulation experiment at the large coolable aerosol chamber AIDA of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Supercooled sulfuric acid droplets, acting as background aerosol, were added to the cooled AIDA vessel at T = 193.6 K, followed by the addition of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. N(2)O(5), the product of the gas phase reaction between O(3) and NO(2), was then hydrolyzed in the liquid phase with an uptake coefficient gamma(N(2)O(5)). From this experiment, a series of FTIR extinction spectra of STS droplets was obtained, covering a broad range of different STS compositions. This infrared spectra sequence was used for a quantitative test of the accuracy of published infrared optical constants for STS aerosols, needed, for example, as input in remote sensing applications. The present findings indicate that the implementation of a mixing rule approach, i.e., calculating the refractive indices of ternary H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O/HNO(3) solution droplets based on accurate reference data sets for the two binary H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O and HNO(3)/H(2)O systems, is justified. Additional model calculations revealed that the uptake coefficient gamma(N(2)O(5)) on STS aerosols strongly decreases with increasing nitrate concentration in the particles, demonstrating that this so-called nitrate effect, already well-established from uptake experiments conducted at room temperature, is also dominant at stratospheric temperatures.     

Chloryl nitrate: a novel product of the OClO + NO3 + M recombination

The products of the reaction of OClO with NO3 were investigated between 220 and 298 K using a flow reactor and infrared, visible, and ultraviolet analysis. At temperatures below 250 K new infrared and ultraviolet absorption features were observed and assigned to the novel compound chloryl nitrate (O2ClONO2). Additionally, ClO and NO2 were observed as reaction products, indicating the existence of a second reaction channel. O2ClONO2 formation predominates at temperatures below 230 K. The reaction rate constant at 220 K is estimated to be on the order of 10(-14) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 in 1-5 Torr of helium. These observations suggest that O2ClONO2 may exist in the terrestrial stratosphere.     

气态CF2ClBr的紫外光解离

本文研究了气态CF2ClBr在253.7nm紫外光照下的光解离过程及光氧化机理。CF2ClBr-O2体系光解离的主要产物CF2O, Cl2和Br2, 另外还有少量的CO2, SiF4生成; 该体系中CF2ClBr的解离为一级反应, 光解离速率常数为1.89×10^-^5s^-^1; CF2ClBr的表观量子产率近似为1。在这些基础上讨论了光解离过程及光氧化机理。     

NO2 adsorption on BaO/Al2O3: the nature of nitrate species

Temperature programmed desorption, infrared spectroscopy, and (15)N solid state NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize the nature of the nitrate species formed on Al(2)O(3) and BaO/Al(2)O(3) NO(x) storage/reduction materials. Two distinctly different nitrate species were found: surface nitrates that are associated with a monolayer BaO on the alumina support, and a bulk-like nitrate that forms on this thin BaO layer. The surface nitrates desorb as NO(2) at lower temperatures than do the bulk-like nitrates, which decompose as NO+O(2) at higher temperatures. The amount of NO(x) stored in the monolayer nitrate is proportional to the surface area of the catalyst, while that in the bulk nitrate increases with BaO coverage.     

Photocatalytic reduction of nitrate over TiO2 and Ag-modified TiO2

This research work presents the efficiency of the TiO₂ and Ag–TiO₂ thin films prepared by the sol–gel method and coated onto the surface of 304 stainless steel sheets used in the photocatalytic nitrate reduction processes. The Ag–TiO₂ thin films had the weight by weight (w/w) ratio of Ag⁺/TiO₂ of 0.1% as Ag atom. The XRD results showed that the crystalline phase structure of TiO₂ on the Ag–TiO₂ thin films was anatase. The optical band gaps of the TiO₂ and 0.1% Ag–TiO₂ thin films were respectively 3.27 and 2.70 eV, while the surface of the prepared catalysts was hydrophobic with the respective average water contact angles of 94.8° and 118.5° for the TiO₂ and 0.1% Ag–TiO₂ thin films. The net efficiencies of photocatalytic nitrate reduction of TiO₂ and 0.1% Ag–TiO₂ were 41.4% and 70.0%, respectively. The loading of Ag only influenced the nitrate removal efficiency without affecting the stoichiometric ratio of formate to nitrate. The net stoichiometric ratio of formate to nitrate of all experiments was 2.8:1.0, which is close to the stoichiometric ratio of 2.5:1.0 of the nitrate reduction to nitrite and then to nitrogen gas.     

超临界干燥法制备Fe2O3-SiO2气凝胶

以正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）和硝酸铁为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法和超临界干燥工艺制备了Fe2O3-SiO2气凝胶,研究了Fe2O3-SiO2醇凝胶的形成条件的影响,并对所得气凝胶样品结构特性进行了初步表征．所得气凝胶样品是由直径约8nm的胶体粒子构成的低密度、高孔隙率的块状非晶固态材料．     

Reversible Adsorption of NOx on ZrO2-supported CeO2 Prepared in Water-in-oil Microemulsion

Nitric oxides (NOx) storage catalyst^[1] provides an alternative route for abatement of NO in presence of oxygen by first adsorbing NOx and then desorbing it by temperature swing or pressure swing. YBa₂Cu₃Oy^[2] and Mn-Zr mixed oxides^[3] were reported to have large NOx adsorption capacity, but the former suffered from a great amount of coexisting CO₂ gases. The author previously reported that high NOx adsorption capacity could be obtained on Ce modified TiO₂-pillared montmorillonite without deactivation by CO₂^[1]. Microemulsion method was reported to be effective to control particle sizes and microstructures of the metal oxides^[4]. In this paper, a thermal stable ZrO₂ with high surface area was prepared in water-in-oil microemulsion, and NOx adsorption capacity was tested on the above ZrO₂ sample after impregnating with manganese nitrate and cerium nitrate.     

Pathway and mechanism study on improvement of N2 selectivity of catalytic denitrification

Recently, nitrate pollution has attracted more public attention. In order to truly remove nitrate and reduce total nitrate content (TN) in water body, more harmless N₂ should be converted from nitrate. Studies on catalytic removal of nitrate in wastewater have been carried out. However, the catalytic performance still needs to be significantly improved, especially the N₂ selectivity. According to these, strategies that enable to efficiently improve N₂ selectivity of catalytic denitrification were explored in this paper. Results implied that the catalyst with composite carrier that possesses porous structure, large surface area, excellent electronic properties, and stable physical–chemical property tends to have better catalytic performance. It is suggested that acid washing by 2 mol/L HCl for certain carriers be applied to enhancement of N₂ selectivity. Additionally, higher N₂ conversion was also achieved by addition of sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl sulphosuccinate (AOT) onto Pd with the formation of Pd_AOT-Cu catalyst, which may be ascribed to the AOT that partially shields Pd active sites and inhibits hydrogen spillover from Pd to Cu. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized for experimental design and prediction of the optimal parameters. More N₂ was obtained under the predicted optimal conditions: 5.0 pH, 135 min time, 3.1 Pd: Cu, and 3.1 g/L Fe⁽⁰⁾.     

Development of Mathematical Model of H2O-HNO3-UO2(NO3)2-TBP-diluent System

The mathematical model of H₂O-HNO₃-UO₂(NO₃)₂-TBP-dodecane system has been elaborated. Mole fractions and volume ones and rational activity coefficients have been used in order to create the system of equations on the base of mass action law. Method for calculating activity coefficients was provided. The formation constants of uranyl nitrate di-solvate and mono-solvate and di-solvate of acid have been determined. Interaction between uranyl nitrate di-solvate and dodecane and between TBP and dodecane was taken into account. Activity coefficients of nitric acid and uranyl nitrate in mixed solutions were considered. Errors of adequacy have been determined for the systems containing 30% and 12% TBP concentrations.     

Selective synthesis of ZIFs from zinc and nickel nitrate solution for photocatalytic H2O2 production

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is one of the most promising, green, and effective oxidants that can be used in different applications. In this study, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), consisting of organic ligands and metal sites, were selectively prepared from zinc or nickel nitrate solutions for use in photocatalytic H₂O₂ production. High concentrations of zinc nitrate solution provided more metal sites to coordinate with 2-methylimidazole, producing ZIF-8 with larger particle size, whereas low zinc nitrate concentrations resulted in more interconnected N–H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming 2D-layered ZIF-L, with smaller particle size. Various concentrations of zinc and nickel nitrate solutions produced ZIFs that exhibited ZIF-8 or ZIF-L topology, with bandgap energies of 5.45 and 4.85 eV, respectively. These samples could serve as promising photocatalyst for the successful production of H₂O₂ under Xenon lamp irradiation.