大面积拼接光栅的远场衍射分析

针对大面积光栅制作过程易出现的拼接偏差问题,基于标量衍射理论推导拼接光栅远场衍射的光强分布,计算分析几种常见拼接误差对拼接光栅性能的影响,以确定光栅拼接过程的误差容限.研究表明:拼接光栅的远场衍射光场随纵向和横向平移误差的变化呈周期性,且这两种平移误差带来的影响可相互补偿;而拼接光栅的旋转误差对远场衍射光场分布的影响较严重,当旋转误差增大到9.5875×10－5度时,衍射光场的峰值光强降为0.9,且两光栅各自峰值出现的方向成9.5875×10－5度.     

高功率激光装置光束准直系统新型远场监测技术

利用高功率激光装置空间滤波器小孔成像和取样光栅的衍射,设计出一套新型光路远场监测方案,并且在实验平台上进行了实验验证.实验结果表明：相对传统的远场监测方法,该远场监测系统通过侧面离轴光栅取样灵活利用空间,其调整平均误差为空间滤波器小孔直径0.9%,能够满足准直系统远场调整精度(<小孔直径5%)的要求. 关键词： 激光技术 光束准直 光栅 远场     

拼接光栅的偏差对光束空间特性的影响

用拼接小尺寸多层介质膜衍射介质膜衍射光栅的办法制作大口径的高破坏阈值光栅成为解决拍瓦激光系统输出能量的关键技术———光栅拼接技术。拼接的每个光栅都存在五维自由度的偏差,对激光脉冲的空间特性和时间特性产生影响。用夫琅禾费衍射的方法分析了拼接光栅的偏差对光束空间特性的影响,建立了偏差和远场强度分布之间的函数关系并用数值方法进行模拟,得出角度偏差对光束远场分布的影响可以忽略,而位移偏差:光栅间拼缝和前后位移偏差是影响光束远场分布的关键因素。     

神光Ⅱ升级装置远场准直系统研究

用于实现光束调整的自动准直系统不仅是保证高功率激光装置高效、安全、可靠运行的关键子系统,同时也是保证光束近场和远场质量的关键要素之一. 通过巧妙的光栅制作和照明成像系统设计,实现了高精度、模块化的远场准直系统. 其特点在于利用光栅的衍射特性,实现了远场焦斑和基准的同时离轴取样. 此系统在神光Ⅱ升级装置预放系统的实验结果表明,其光栅基准的复位精度优于8 μm,准直过程中基准的抖动低于0.59 μm;准直完成后,焦斑中心和基准中心的最大偏差优于10 μm. 此系统在实现了高精度取样、准直的前提下,不仅降低了对 关键词： 激光技术 激光光学系统 空间滤波器     

阵列光栅压缩器的空域特性

 引入角度偏差、位移偏差作为拼接光栅系统的物理参数，定义了拼接光栅的孔径函数，利用傅里叶角谱理论研究了高斯脉冲入射拼接光栅压缩器后的远场分布特性。研究表明：出射脉冲仍然是高斯型脉冲，但包络中心发生偏移，偏移量由角度偏差量和光束口径决定;位移偏差引入的相位随着拼接光栅压缩器传递，其对远场焦斑的影响，取决于每片子光栅的非整数倍光栅常数的横向位移偏差和纵向位移偏差的综合作用。通过数值计算得到了各维偏差对阵列光栅压缩器空域特性的影响,计算表明:光栅面外角度偏差(俯仰左右)和条纹平行度偏差都必须控制在1 mrad以内，在此范围内，应将位移偏差控制在52 nm以内。     

Automatic phase-locked control of grating tiling

The development of phased-array grating compressor is a crucial issue for the high-energy, ultra-short pulse petawatt-class lasers. Several systems have adopted the tiling-grating approach to meet the size requirements for the compression gratings. Grating tiling need to be precisely phased to ensure a transform-limited focal spot when focusing the high-energy laser pulses onto the target. Monochromatic grating automatic phasing and performance maintaining are experimentally achieved with a far-field CCD camera technique based on a two-tiling system.     

超短脉冲通过拼接光栅的远场分析

 从惠更斯-菲涅耳原理出发,得到了含有色差项的1/4圆光束在焦平面上的光场积分表达式（对于光束口径）,以及具有不同相位延迟的4束1/4圆光束相干叠加后的光场表达式,并建立了该相干叠加场的远场的数学模型,并对光束口径为10 cm,焦距为200 cm,脉宽1 ps的实例进行了模拟,得到了单光束、4个子光束间无相差和存在相位差三种情况下的远场强度分布图。结果表明,单束1/4圆光束的远场不再中心对称,而是轴对称;当子光束间存在π相位差时远场将出现明显的焦斑分裂,因此光栅拼接应将束间相差控制在远小于π的水平上。     

大口径光束波前采样器(孔栅)的研制

应用平面波角谱理论，分析了采样器对光波场采样和分光的基本原理以及对空间采样频率的选择规则，描述了实际研制的大口径采样器的结构设计，并通过数值方法和高能激光大气传输实验研究了高能激光经采样器前／后的远场光斑分布关系。结果表明：利用光束波前采样器能高保真地实现对高能激光束的分光。     

高功率激光器自动准直系统图像处理的可信度评估

自动准直系统是将采集的图像进行特定算法处理获取光束的位置信息,驱动电机调整光斑到指定的位置,其中图像质量对光束定位的精确性影响很大,为尽量避免受严重噪音和光束畸变影响的图像进入图像处理流程而产生准直结果的错误判断,保证自动准直系统图像处理结果的精确性,试图提供一种较为简单的判断依据,采用基于Monte-Carlo模拟方法,建立了远场准直过程中三种主要噪音的干扰评估模型,以测量不确定度作为定量判断处理图像与否的特征参数,将该结果做成统计图表作为判断依据。结果表明,在设定合理测量不确定度阈值的情况下,该特征参数能够较好地排除不良图像,从而提高准直结果的可信度。     

Coherent addition of gratings for chirped-pulse-amplified lasers based on near-field and far-field measurements

The development of phased-array grating compressor is a crucial issue for high-energy,ultra-short pulse petawatt-class lasers.Almost all systems have adopted a tiled-grating approach to meet the size requirements for the compression gratings.We present a computer-control test system utilizing near-field interference and far-field focusing capable of monitoring and fast correcting tiled errors of the grating compressor.In this system,the tilt/tip errors between the two gratings are determined by the Fourier transform (FT) of the individual interference fringe,and the piston errors are determined by the ratio of the two primary peaks formed in the far-field pattern as a function of the piston difference.Monochromatic grating phasing is achieved experimentally and pulse compression is demonstrated with a tiled grating system.     

在线诊断光谱仪用光栅制作误差对光谱成像的影响及补偿

为制作应用于在线诊断光谱仪的高分辨率光栅,通过分析记录参数误差对光栅刻线密度、聚焦曲线、谱像宽度等的影响及规律,提出相应的补偿方法是必要前提。基于费马原理、光程差理论及像差理论,分析了光栅光谱性能对记录参数误差的影响及其敏感性。在光栅使用参数固定的情况下,记录角度误差对光谱性能影响较大,在光栅设计时可通过对记录角度加权的方法来提高记录角度的取值的精确度;记录臂长误差对光谱性能影响较小;记录臂长和记录角度的相对误差决定了其对光栅光谱性能影响程度。结果表明,单侧记录臂长和角度误差对光谱性能的影响,可分别通过调节两臂臂长及角度的相对误差进行补偿。由此可以确定对应用于在线监测光谱仪光栅成像质量影响较大的误差因素,并给出制作误差的相应补偿方法,降低曝光系统的调试难度,为制作在线诊断光谱仪用高分辨率光栅提供理论指导。     

离轴八程放大器自动准直技术研究

展示了基于离轴八程激光放大器的闭环自动准直技术研究,该项技术旨在用自动准直系统取代手动光路准直的方式,明显提高了该构型复杂的多程激光放大器的运行效率、准直精度与其输出光束质量。该技术利用主激光照明和像传递系统实现离轴八程激光放大器中滤波器小孔空间位置的精确标定,通过边缘检测处理远场光斑得到其指向中心。基于光斑中心与基准间的差值,对特定反射镜架进行二维控制进行光束指向补正,从而实现离轴八程放大器系统的闭环自动准直。研究结果表明,实验结果契合离轴八程放大器系统对光束准直准确率与效率的要求,验证了该准直技术在离轴八程激光放大光路中应用的可行性。     

神光Ⅱ第九路光路自动准直系统研究

光路自动准直系统应用于惯性约束聚变的高功率激光装置中。针对神光Ⅱ第九路装置,设计了一套可行的准直方案,并在装置上进行了实验。实验结果表明,自动准直系统能够在15minSq顺利完成光路的自动调整,小口径近场调整准直精度小于±0．5mm,大口径近场调整准直精度小于±1．0mm,远场准直精度小于±1”,满足了装置的设计要求。     

掺Yb光纤激光器阵列谱合成系统的光束传输模型及光束特性分析

建立了由掺Yb光纤激光器阵列、变换透镜、闪耀光栅和输出耦合镜组成的光束谱合成系统的光束传输模型.在考虑光栅角色散、光栅刻槽倾角误差和光栅衍射效率情况下,利用光线追迹法、衍射积分方法、光束非相干叠加原理和强度二阶矩方法,推导出高斯光束非平行倾斜入射到闪耀光栅的相位变化公式以及谱合成光束的光强分布解析表达式.分析了高斯光束非平行倾斜入射到光栅后,光栅角色散、光栅衍射效率和光栅刻槽倾角误差对掺Yb光纤激光器谱合成系统输出光束特性的影响.研究结果表明,谱合成光束具有与单根光纤激光器几乎相同的光束质量;光栅角色散对合成光束特性的影响可忽略;随着光栅刻槽倾角误差的增大,谱合成光束的光束质量明显变差;当光栅刻槽倾角误差较大时,必须考虑光栅衍射效率对合成光束特性的影响. 关键词： 掺Yb光纤激光器 非平行倾斜入射 光束谱合成 光束质量     

Optimized microphone deployment for near-field acoustic holography: To be, or not to be random, that is the question

Arrays with sparse and random sensor deployment are known to be capable of delivering high quality far-field images without grating lobes. This raises the question of whether or not this idea can be applied to near-field imaging as well. To answer this question that has not yet been widely investigated in previous research, numerical simulations are undertaken in this paper to optimize the microphone deployment for both far-field and near-field arrays with the latter being the main focus. In the simulation, a recently introduced near-field equivalent source imaging (NESI) technique is employed for the near-field imaging. Global optimization techniques including the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm and the intra-block Monte Carlo (IBMC) algorithm are exploited to find the optimal microphone position efficiently. The combined use of the SA and the IBMC algorithms enables efficient search for satisfactory deployment with excellent beam pattern and relatively uniform distribution of microphones. In the near-field optimization, a special kind of beam pattern and cost function definition is used for the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) imaging problem. As indicated by the simulation results, random deployment of microphones is necessary to avoid grating lobes in far-field imaging. In the near-field simulation, all results suggest that the optimal near-field array is the uniform rectangular array (URA) and the random deployment presents no particular benefit in near-field imaging.     

Beam alignment with the axis of a rotation stage for laser fabrication of microcircular structures

An optical technique to align laser beam with the axis of a rotating stage is proposed for laser fabrication of circular microstructures. The laser beam is first aligned parallel to the rotation axis and subsequently adjusted to coincide with the axis. An optical arrangement consisting of two quadrant photodiodes for the x- and y-directions and a specially designed beam splitter is utilized for the alignment. Mathematical modeling of the alignment system is carried out to estimate alignment errors caused by misalignment of mirror surfaces in the beam path. It is shown that parallelness of the laser beam to the rotation axis is a key factor to reduce alignment errors. The proposed method was applied to a microstereolithography system and proved that the laser beam can be aligned within a distance of about 25 μm from the rotation axis.     

不同形状孔缝微波耦合的实验研究

探讨了椭圆、圆环、方环、十字交叉形、圆形、正方形、正三角形及双矩形孔缝在2～18GHz频率范围内的耦合系数，并与矩形孔缝的耦合特性进行了比较。结果表明: 各种不同形状孔缝微波耦合的共振特性与其纵横比有关, 纵横比较大的孔缝耦合共振现象比较明显，纵横比较小的孔缝耦合特性趋于高通；各种孔缝的共振频率与孔缝长度有密切关系。     

Achieving single-lobed far-field patterns of broad area laser diode with external cavity feedback

We demonstrate a technique for single transverse mode operation of high-power broad area laser diode (BAL). In the experiment, the HR mirror is used as an external cavity mirror and the grating is used as a wavelength selective component. By tiling the HR mirror and the grating, the number of transverse modes oscillating in the cavity can be limited and the spectral bandwidth of the laser diode can be reduced. A single-lobed near diffraction-limited laser beam with the beam divergence (FWHM) of 0.43°, the spectral line-width of 0.7 nm and the output power of 350 mW are obtained. With the feedback, the power density of the output laser beam is increased 6 times in comparison with the free running.     

Experimental research on application of Hartmann micro-lens array in coherent beam combination of two-dimensional laser array

We demonstrate experimentally the application of a phase error detection method in the coherent beam combination (CBC) of a laser array. The method is based on the Hartmann micro-lens array. Both the piston and tilt errors can be detected and corrected simultaneously by combining this method with adaptive optics-correcting technology. The far-field intensity pattern of the combined beam has high energy concentration and good beam quality. The power encircled in the main lobe of the far-field pattern is 41.3%, and the contrast of the pattern reaches 81.8%. Experimental results show the great potential of the Hartmann phasing method for use in the CBC of a large number of laser beams.     

1700 线/mm镀金光栅的拼接理论和实验研究

提出了一个能够实时地监控拼接光栅状态的方案；理论上论证了氦氖光不能用来实时监控1740线衍射光栅的光栅拼接实验；提出了一种选择监控光波长的方法，使得拼接光栅的各种误差对于主光束和监控光的影响是一致的，并且通过实验进行了验证. 关键词： 拼接光栅 刻线密度误差 实时监控 光栅对压缩池