钒钨酸盐-CdS纳米粒子复合膜的制备与电致变色性能

通过层-层自组装方法制备了由Dawson结构三钒取代型钨酸盐1-K₉P₂W₁₅V₃O₆₂·18H₂O(P₂W₁₅V₃)与CdS纳米粒子构筑的复合膜材料, 研究了CdS纳米粒子添加和复合膜层数对P₂W₁₅V₃多酸复合膜材料电致变色性能的影响. 采用UV, XRD, SEM和循环伏安等测试手段对复合材料的结构和性能进行了表征; 将电化学工作站和紫外-可见吸收光谱联用, 在-1.0~+1.0 V的电压范围内, 对不同层数、 有无CdS纳米粒子复合的的膜材料的电致变色性能进行研究. 研究结果表明, 20层的复合膜材料性能最佳, 光反差为38.05%, 着色时间为3.57 s, 褪色时间为6.94 s, 最大着色效率达到94.04 cm²/C, 实现了从无色、 蓝色到蓝紫色, 再到无色的可逆颜色变化, 相对于单独P₂W₁₅V₃膜, 光反差提高46.07%, 着色效率提高96.53%, 电致变色性能显著提高.     

钒修饰磷钨酸盐/刚果红电致变色膜的制备及性能研究

借助Layer-by-Layer自组装技术分别构筑了钒修饰的钨酸盐K_7P_2W_(17)VO_(62)·18H_2O(P_2W_(17)V)、聚乙烯亚胺的复合膜[PEI/P_2W_(17)V]_(20),K_7P_2W_(17)VO_(62)·18H_2O(P_2W_(17)V)、聚乙烯亚胺、刚果红(Congo red,CR)复合膜[PEI/P_2W_(17)V/PEI/刚果红]_(20)。紫外-可见吸收光谱监测显示两种复合膜的构筑是成功的,均实现了复合膜均一稳定的增长。电化学工作站和紫外可见吸收光谱联机对复合膜的电致变色性能研究显示:染料刚果红的加入,不但丰富了多酸电致变色材料的颜色种类,实现了由红色到浅紫色的可逆变化,更使光反差提高9.36%,复合膜的变色能力得到了很大的增强,实现了复合膜可调颜色的电致变色,有望在变色薄膜领域得到新的应用。     

钒钨酸盐/刚果红电致变色复合膜及器件研究

应用Layer-by-Layer自组装技术,采用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)阳离子将无机电致变色材料[P2W15V3O62]8-(P2W15V3)阴离子与刚果红(CR)阴离子通过静电引力复合,构筑了复合膜[PEI/P2W15V3/PEI/CR]20及对比膜[PEI/P2W15V3]20.利用扫描电子显微镜、紫外-可见吸收光谱和电化学工作站研究了复合膜的形貌与电致变色性能.对比研究表明,复合膜可实现浅红色-蓝紫色-浅红色的可逆颜色调变,且保持了[P2W15V3O62]8-阴离子的电致变色性能,光反差22.55%,着色效率122.67 cm2/C.复合膜循环测试400圈后透过率(500 nm)处损耗仅为6.94%,稳定性良好;由复合膜组装的电致变色器件也实现了由浅红色到蓝紫色的颜色变化.本研究可为解决多酸电致变色材料颜色变化单一的问题提供参考.     

聚苯胺-聚乙烯醇电致变色复合膜

以微型高分子化学实验的方法设计了合成聚苯胺／聚乙烯醇电致复合膜实验。讨论了聚合时间、电压、酸浓度、聚乙烯醇含量等因素对复合膜电致变色性的影响。将较为复杂的生产工艺以简单直观的学生实验表现出来,对学生实践能力的培养具有一定的意义。     

盘状多酸P_5W_(30)/阳离子聚电解质/氧化石墨烯杂化多层膜的电致变色性能

为了提高薄膜[PEI/P_5W_(30)]_(30)的电致变色性能,将具有大的二维尺寸和良好导电性的氧化石墨烯引入该薄膜中。通过层层自组装(LBL)技术构筑了基于盘状多酸K12.5Nal.5[Na P_5W_(30)O_(110)]·15H_2O(P_5W_(30))、氧化石墨烯(GO)的复合薄膜[PEI/P_5W_(30)/PEI/GO]_(30)(PEI:聚乙烯亚胺),并利用UV-Vis光谱对薄膜的组成及增长进行监测;通过原子力显微镜对薄膜的表面形貌进行考察,利用循环伏安法对薄膜电化学氧化还原性质进行研究;薄膜在外加氧化还原电位下呈现出无色/蓝色的可逆变化,电致变色响应时间在10 s以内;此外,薄膜在阶跃电位0.75 V/-0.75 V下循环150次,电致变色性能没有明显减弱,体现了薄膜良好的电致变色可逆性。氧化石墨烯的引入使薄膜[PEI/P_5W_(30)/PEI/GO]_(30)呈现出响应速度快、抗电疲劳强的电致变色性能,将在电致变色器件领域有广阔的应用前景。     

氧化铑电致变色薄膜的制备、结构及性能

采用溶胶_凝胶方法在ITO导电基底上制备氧化铑电致变色薄膜 .当在碱性溶液中对薄膜分别施加阴极和阳极电位时 ,薄膜即呈现由亮黄到深绿的可逆变化 .采用原位XRD、TG_DTA、IR、XPS等方法对薄膜的结晶态、热处理过程以及膜的化学组成进行分析 .应用交流阻抗法计算了薄膜变色过程的扩散系数 ,结果表明该膜基本可以用于变色器件     

多金属氧酸盐电致变色材料

多金属氧酸盐具有多样的结构和良好的电化学可逆性,在电致变色器件(例如军事伪装、后视镜、智能窗以及高对比度信息显示器)上有着广阔的应用前景。本文综述了多金属氧酸盐在电致变色领域的研究进展情况。概述了多金属氧酸盐的电致变色机理以及制备多金属氧酸盐电致变色薄膜的方法,主要包括:溶胶-凝胶方法、电沉积法、Langmuir-Blodgett方法、层接层自组装方法。按照多金属氧酸盐的结构类型分类,结合最新文献报道,介绍了同多酸(盐)型和杂多酸(盐)型电致变色材料性能的研究现状。最后,对其未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

紫精类电致变色材料的制备和机理

1,1'-二取代4,4'-联吡啶盐通常称作紫精(viologen),紫精以及接有紫精基团的聚合物（polyviologen）有优异的电致和光致变色性能,在新一代电致变色器件、显示器件和智能窗等方面有很好的应用前景。文章综述了紫精和紫精聚合物的制备、结构与性能、电致变色机理、功能器件设计以及在化学合成、纳米功能符合等方面的研究进展,并提出例如今后的重要研究方向。     

苯胺四聚体薄膜的制备及其电致变色性能

以苯胺四聚体做为电致变色材料, 在保持ITO有效涂覆面积不变的情况下, 通过控制溶液浓度和用量的方式控制膜厚, 采用自然铺展的方式制备得到了均匀的电致变色膜. 循环伏安特性曲线表明, 在－0.2～0.8 V电压范围内, 随着电压的升高, 苯胺四聚体结构发生从还原态到中间态再到氧化态的转变, 并伴随着颜色从浅黄色到绿色再到蓝色的变化. 研究发现, 电解质溶液种类和膜厚对苯胺四聚体膜的电致变色性能有较大影响. 苯胺四聚体膜的对比度按照HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, LiClO₄电解质溶液的顺序依次降低. 随着膜厚度增加, 苯胺四聚体膜的对比度增加, 响应时间延长. 当采用樟脑磺酸掺杂的苯胺四聚体制备电致变色膜时, 在其他条件相同的情况下可以提高苯胺四聚体膜的对比度并同时缩短响应时间.     

紫精-普鲁士蓝凝胶电致变色器件的制备

合成了醛基功能化的紫精,1,1′-二醛己基-4,4′-联吡啶,通过与聚乙烯醇的缩醛反应将紫精固定到凝胶电解质中,对电极用电沉积法沉积普鲁士蓝,制备了新型凝胶型电致变色器件。这种凝胶电致变色器件避免了电解质泄露的风险并拓宽了电致变色器件的应用范围。采用1 HNMR对分子结构进行了表征,通过紫外-可见分光光度计研究了器件的电致变色性能及其影响因素。结果表明:采用将紫精通过共价键并入凝胶的方法,制备的器件在±2V的工作电压下具有47%的对比度,着色时间2.8s,褪色时间3.3s,并且具有良好的循环稳定性。     

Monitoring formation of poly(neutral red) film by EQCM

An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) is employed for monitoring the growth of poly(neutral red) films on platinum in the electrolytic solution containing 5.0 mmol dm⁻³ neutral red, 0.3 mol dm⁻³ H₂SO₄, and 0.5 mol dm⁻³ Na₂SO₄. The in situ measurement of the frequency changes of the EQCM reveals that both the adsorption/desorption of neutral red and the formation of poly(neutral red) film can be observed together with anion sorption/desorption during the redox transformation of the polymer, and that the polymerization rate of neutral red increases slowly before the 11th cycle and then increases quickly with increasing number of potential cycles. Published in Russian in Elektrokhimiya, 2007, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 284–289. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Preparation and multicolor electrochromic performance of a WO3/tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)/polymer hybrid film

A tungsten trioxide (WO(3))/tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)(3)](2+); bpy=2,2'-bipyridine)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) hybrid film was prepared by electrodeposition from a colloidal triad solution containing peroxotungstic acid (PTA), [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+), and PSS. A binary solution of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) and PTA (30 vol % ethanol in water) gradually gave an orange precipitate, possibly caused by the electrostatic interaction between the cationic [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) and the anionic PTA. The addition of PSS to the binary PTA/[Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) solution remarkably suppressed this precipitation and caused a stable, colloidal triad solution to form. The spectrophotometric measurements and lifetime analyses of the photoluminescence from the excited [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) ion in the colloidal triad solution suggested that the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) ion is partially shielded from electrostatic interaction with anionic PTA by the anionic PSS polymer chain. The formation of the colloidal triad made the ternary [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)/PTA/PSS solution much more redox active. Consequently, the rate of electrodeposition of WO(3) from PTA increased appreciably by the formation of the colloidal triad, and fast electrodeposition is required for the unique preparation of this hybrid film. The absorption spectrum of the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) ion in the film was close to its spectrum in water, but the photoexcited state of the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) ion was found to be quenched completely by the presence of WO(3) in the hybrid film. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) of the hybrid film suggested that the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) ion performs as it is adsorbed onto WO(3) during the electrochemical oxidation. An ohmic contact between the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) ion and the WO(3) surface could allow the electrochemical reaction of adsorbed [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+). The composition of the hybrid film, analyzed by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), suggested that the positive charge of the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) ion could be neutralized by partially reduced WO(3)(-) ions, in addition to Cl(-) and PSS units, based on the charge balance in the film. The electrostatic interaction between the WO(3)(-) ion and the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) ion might be responsible for forming the electron transfer channel that causes the complete quenching of the photoexcited [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) ion, as well as the formation of the ohmic contact between the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) ion and WO(3). A multicolor electrochromic performance of the WO(3)/[Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)/PSS hybrid film was observed, in which transmittances at 459 and 800 nm could be changed, either individually or at once, by the selection of a potential switch. Fast responses, of within a few seconds, to these potential switches were exhibited by the electrochromic hybrid film.     

Estimation of cell number by neutral red content

A simple photometric method for estimating viable cell number in culture is described. When cultured cells are allowed to internalize 0.005–0.01% neutral red for 1 h, the amount of accumulated dye is directly proportional to cell number. The linear relationship holds for adherent and suspended cell lines. Thus, dye content reflects cell number. Since dye content is easily measured by instruments that photometrically scan microtiter trays, proliferative and survival (cytotoxic) responses can be easily quantitated.     

In-situ preparation and electrochromic properties of TiO2/PTPA-HTAN core-shell nanocomposite film

A new star-shaped structure conjugated microporous polymers, poly (2,8,14-tri[4-diphenyl-benzene]-hexaazatrinaphthylene) (PTPA-HATN), was designed and in-situ electrochemically polymerized on the surfaces of FTO electrodes with a directional alignment TiO₂ nanorod array to obtain TiO₂/PTPA-HATN core-shell nanocomposite films. Compared with the PTPA-HATN film, the TiO₂/PTPA-HATN composite film exhibits higher optical contrast and faster response time, with contrast of 57% at 783 nm, coloring time of 3.62 s and discoloring time of 2.55 s (43%, 4.63 s and 4.77 s for PTPA-HATN film, respectively). After 400 cycles, the contrast of nanocomposite film decreased by 28%, while the PTPA-HATN film basically lost its electrochromic properties. A simple three-layer EC prototype device based on TiO₂/PTPA-HATN nanocomposite film constructed with hydrogel electrolyte clearly shows color changes at different voltages. On the one hand, the formation of core-shell porous nanostructure of TiO₂/PTPA-HATN composite film provides a larger ion doping/de-doping interface, shortening the average diffusion length of ions. On the other hand, the large indented polymer-nanorods contact interface makes it difficult for the polymer to detach from the electrode, thus significantly improving the cyclic stability of the composite film.     

Characterisation of poly(neutral red) modified carbon film electrodes; application as a redox mediator for biosensors

The polymer redox mediator, poly(neutral red) (PNR), has been synthesised and characterised electrochemically to investigate the best electropolymerisation and mediation conditions for application in enzyme biosensors and to clarify the mechanism of action. Neutral red was electropolymerised by potential cycling on carbon film electrode substrates by allowing the monomer to be oxidised during the full 20 cycles of polymerisation or reducing the positive limit of the potential window after the first 2 cycles to impede monomer oxidation with a view to obtaining longer polymer chains and a lesser degree of branching. Comparison was made with glassy carbon substrates. The PNR films on carbon film electrodes were characterised using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, as well as in glucose biosensors prepared with PNR. Glucose oxidase enzyme was immobilised by encapsulation in silica sol-gel and compared with that obtained by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The biosensors were evaluated by chronoamperometry in 0.1 M phosphate buffer saline solution, pH 7.0, and showed evidence of electron transfer between the enzyme cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide and PNR dissolved in the enzyme layer competing with PNR-mediated electrochemical degradation of H₂O₂ formed during the enzymatic process. This paper is dedicated to Professor Dr. Algirdas Vaskelis on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

电化学聚合法制备聚中性红膜修饰电极及其应用

以正交试验法研究了影响电聚合中性红制备膜修饰电极的具体条件 ,通过较少次数的试验得到了最佳条件 ,并依此制得了聚中性红膜修饰电极。用抗坏血酸对其电化学性能进行了表征 ,该修饰电极对抗坏血酸有较强的催化氧化作用 ,氧化电流与抗坏血酸的浓度在 1 .0× 1 0 - 5mol/L～ 2 .5× 1 0 - 2 mol/L之间呈线性关系 ,相关系数r=0 .9994,氧化电位为 3 3 0mV ,比裸玻碳电极负移 2 3 0mV左右 ,而且电极重现性良好。     

Poly(neutral red): Electrosynthesis,Characterization, and Application as a Redox Mediator

The synthesis by electropolymerization, the characterization, and applications of poly(neutral red) (PNR), including as a redox mediator, are reviewed. PNR's high electrical conductivity and its redox characteristics have led to special applications of the polymer, and it has been used for the development of electrochemical and optical sensors. Moreover, the attractive properties of PNR allow it to be applied in the development of electrochemical biosensors. Future perspectives are indicated.     

聚中性红膜修饰电极的电化学特性及其电催化性能

研究了中性红在玻碳电极表面电聚合成膜的方法和条件，对膜内电荷传输过程和电化学特性分别用循环伏安技术和电位阶跃暂态技术进行了初步探讨。该膜对维生素Ｃ和亚硝酸盐有较强的电催化作用，催化电流与底物浓度在很宽的范围内呈线性关系，可用于实际样品的分析。     

An improved biosensor for acetaldehyde determination using a bienzymatic strategy at poly(neutral red) modified carbon film electrodes

Improved biosensors for acetaldehyde determination have been developed using a bienzymatic strategy, based on a mediator-modified carbon film electrode and co-immobilisation of NADH oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Modification of the carbon film electrode with poly(neutral red) mediator resulted in a sensitive, low-cost and reliable NADH detector. Immobilisation of the enzymes was performed using encapsulation in a sol-gel matrix or cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The bienzymatic biosensors were characterized by studying the influence of pH, applied potential and co-factors. The sol-gel and glutaraldehyde biosensors showed a linear response up to 60 μM and 100 μM, respectively, with detection limits of 2.6 μM and 3.3 μM and sensitivities were 1.7 μA mM⁻¹ and 5.6 μA mM⁻¹. The optimised biosensors showed good stability and good selectivity and have been tested for application for the determination of acetaldehyde in natural samples such as wine.     

中性红分光光度法测定脱氧核糖核酸

研究了有机染料中性红与脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的结合反应, 选择了实验的最佳条件: pH 5.0 的B-R缓冲溶液2.5 mL, 1.0×10-3 mol/L中性红溶液0.6 mL, 反应20 min后体系的吸光度很稳定, 在λ=530 nm处有最大吸收峰, 并且随着DNA的加入, 中性红的吸收峰显著下降. 因此以中性红为标记物, 根据其在波长530 nm处吸收峰下降的程度, 可用于定量测定DNA. 测量DNA的线性范围为0～10 μg/mL, 相关系数为0.998, 该方法具有较高的灵敏度和选择性, 已用于合成试样分析.