天山黄土粒度特征及粉尘来源

天山北坡和伊犁盆地晚更新世典型黄土剖面粒度分析表明，天山黄土以粉砂为主，占60—70％左右，粘粒含量一般在15—20％之间。天山北坡黄土物质主要来源于其北部的准噶尔盆地中的沙漠，伊犁盆地黄土粉尘则来自中亚荒漠和伊犁河下游沙漠地区。形成黄土的粉尘主要是以尘暴方式搬运，且冰期和间冰期都有尘暴堆积。     

Respondence and feedback of modern sand deserts to climate change--A case study in Gurbantunggut Desert

The research on the respondence and feedback of modern sand deserts to the climate change is an important component part in the studies on the global climate change. Deserts respond to the climate change, meanwhile, they affect the climate with their feedback of peculiar environment during the respondence. Many researches on desert climate have been carried out at home and abroad. However, there is little research on the respondence and feedback of modern fixed, semi-fixed and mobile deserts in arid areas to the climate change, in which the factor analysis as well as the parameter changing effects is especially the difficult problem all along. In this note, the parameters of the respondence and feedback of Gurbantunggut Desert to the climate change are measured and analyzed, some variable parameters of water-heat exchange are obtained, and a numerical model of desertification is developed according to a series of climate change of about 40 years and the variable relations of meteorological and physical features of the sand surface in Gurbantunggut Desert.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in the Gurbantunggut Desert

The plants in the Gurbantunggut Desert located in Xinjiang, China are drought adapted species and grow in generally nutrient-poor soils. A survey was conducted in the desert to determine the arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） status associated with the desert plants which belong to 23 species from 11 families of annuals and perennials. Roots from all plants were examined for the presence of internal and external hyphae, vesicles and coils/arbuscules to determine the status and extent of mycorrhizal colonization. Of the plant species surveyed, 14 （61%） were found to form AM associations, 5 （22%） were possible AM colonized species, and 4 were non-mycorrhizal plants. The proportions of annuals and shrubs forming AM were significantly lower than those of perennials and herbs, respectively. Spore density varied from 5 to 21 per 20 g in soil of root zone. 14 AM fungal taxa in 3 genera were isolated and identified, 10 of which belonged to Glomus, 3 to Acaulospora, and 1 to Archaeospora. Glomus was the dominant genus in all genera identified. G. deserticola and G. etunicatum were the most common taxa isolated, with occurrence frequencies of 77.4% and 74.8%, and relative abundances of 14.4% and 15.5% respectively.     

中新生代天山及其两侧盆地性质与演化

天山两侧中新生代盆地中的沉积记录、沉积中心展布及其迁移特征反映了盆地演化特征,天山地区的年代学数据则是构造活动的响应。这些沉积学记录、年代学记录及山前构造变形与天山地区的构造演化、天山快速隆升和区域地壳缩短相对应,反映晚侏罗世晚期—早白垩世早期、晚新生代是天山快速隆升的2个时期,也是盆地性质发生转变的重要时期。综合分析认为,天山两侧盆地早中侏罗世为陆内断陷坳陷盆地阶段,晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期盆地开始进入挤压背景下的陆内坳陷盆地阶段,晚新生代开始发育再生前陆盆地。天山晚新生代构造变形总体显示西强东弱的特点,这种变形差异可能与帕米尔构造结的向北推挤有关。     

Temporal-spatial dynamics of distribution patterns of microorganism relating to biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert

Biological soil crusts serve as an important biological factor contributing to the sand fixation. This study was conducted to investigate the temporal-spatial variability of microorganism in crusts relating to locations, soil layers of sand dunes and seasons. At moss-dominated inter-dune areas, higher soil nutrient and water concentrations were likely to maintain the microbial activities. Bacteria showed the highest capabilities of settlement and growth in inter-dunes in both spring and autumn. Soil water content reached the highest value in soil crusts in the inter-dune areas, especially in spring. Variations of quantities of actinomyces and fungi basically showed the consistent trend in different locations of sand dunes. With the deepening of soil layers, vertical distribution of quantities of each microorganism group showed different characteristics because environmental factors fluctuated in both spring and autumn. Among different microorganism groups, bacteria were predominant, actinomyces the next and fungi the least in both spring and autumn in all soil layers （0-20 cm）. The proportion of bacteria and soil water content were higher in spring than those in autumn in all soil layers （0-20 cm）. No consistent trends were found in actinomyces and fungi. The results showed that the quantities of microorganisms were significantly positive correlated with organic matter content, soil water content, total N, total P, available P, available K, pH, electrical conductivity, total salt content,catalase, urease, phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase.     

中新生代天山板内造山带隆升证据：锆石、磷灰石裂变径迹年龄测定

取自天山南侧库车盆地北缘欧西达坂花岗岩体的锆石、磷灰石裂变径迹年龄给出了初步结果：中 新生代天山板内造山带在早白垩世（134Ma～109Ma）发生了明显快速隆升,平均隆升速率为0.13mm/a（130m/Ma）;而从晚白垩世到现在,天山板内造山带的平均隆升速率为0.03mm/a（31.9m/Ma）。在晚新生代天山板内造山带再次发生了快速隆升。现有的同位素研究成果表明中新生代天山造山带至少发生了两次幕式快速隆升。     

Responses of ephemeral plant germination and growth to water and heat conditions in the southern part of Gurbantunggut Desert

Ephemeral plants in the southern part of Gurbantunggut Desert were systematically monitored from 2002 to 2004 and the meteorological data and soil moisture during the same period were analyzed. The results show that the ephemeral plants germination and growth are sensitive to the changes of water and heat condition. The time for daily temperature over 0℃ in early spring in 2003 was delayed nearly 10 d compared with that in 2002, while the soil water changed little in the same period. Observation showed that there were 28 ephemeral species germinated in 2002, their life period was about 70 d in spring, and the maximum cover of ephemeral synusia reached 46.4%. However, only 17 ephemeral species germinated in 2003, their life period was about 50 d in spring, and their maximum cover was only 20.8%. The height of ephemeral plants was significantly higher in 2002 than that in 2003. It can be seen that ephemeral plant germination and growth in spring are strongly dependent on temperature. The changes of water conditions can affect ephemerals germination and growth as well. Because no heavy precipitation occurred during summer in 2002, only a few ephemerophytes were observed in autumn after ephemerals completed their life circle in early spring. However, about 60 mm precipitation was recorded from July to August both in 2003 and in 2004. Some ephemerals such as Erodium oxyrrhynchum and Carex physodes, etc. covered the dune surface rapidly with a cover 〉10%. Therefore, the ephemerals not only germinate in autumn after the early spring, some species may germinate in summer if adequate rainfall occurs. The study on responses of ephemerals growth to water and heat conditions not only has a certain ecological significance but also contributes a better understanding to the effect of climate changes on the desert surface stability.     

新疆鄯善产淀粉酶沙漠放线菌的生长特性研究

通过对从新疆鄯善特殊沙漠环境采集的沙样中分离纯化获得89株沙漠放线菌菌株进行分析研究,筛选出淀粉酶活力高的四株放线菌,继而进行了NaCl耐盐实验,pH耐受实验,温度耐受实验研究。生长特性研究结果表明,沙漠放线菌对NaCl浓度具有广泛的适应性,属于中等嗜盐菌,最适生长酸碱度和温度数值范围分别为7~9℃和28~48℃。XSS040804菌株的最高耐受温度为55℃。     

History of the temperature-dependence of susceptibility and its implications: Preliminary results along an E-W transect of the Chinese Loess Plateau

An investigation of rock magnetic properties using the temperature-dependence of susceptibility (TDS) and the coercivity of different IRM components was conducted on samples of the Malan loess (L1) and the last interglacial soil (S1) along an E-W transect of the Chinese Loess Plateau. We find that the behavior of the TDS is useful in identifying maghemite (γ-Fe_2O_3) in both loess and paleosol, and that it can be used as a new proxy of the degree of pedogenesis, which is closely linked to climatic conditions. Based on results from the TDS, we conclude that (1) the detrital magnetite grains predominate in the L1 unit to the west of Liupan Mts, where the weathering and pedogenetic processes were weakest; (2) a comparable degree of pedogenesis exists in the L1 at the east of the Liupan Mts and the S1 at the west of the Liupan Mts; (3) a higher concentration of maghemite is found in the S1 unit at the eastern sections, suggesting that the local climate was warmer and more humid in this interval. In addition, we propose that TDS measurements can be used as a rapid means of determining the reliability of the paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV) record in loess/poleoso/sequenees.     

Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation history and paleoclimate of the Tengger Desert,northwestern China

With a total area of 36000 km2, the Tengger Desert is the fourth largest desert in China. The Qilian Mountains demarcate the southwestern boundary of the desert andthe Helan Mountain on the east separates the desert from the Mo Us Desert. The Yabulai Mountain on thenorthwest borders the Tengger Desert and the BadainJaran Desert and the Loess Plateau touch its southern tip (Fig. 1). Climatically, the area is situated at the junction of the hyper-arid northwest, the arid to semi-arid sou…     

Ecological and environmental explanation of microbiotic crusts on sand dune scales in the Gurbantonggut Desert, Xinjiang

Results obtained from the field investigation and the analysis in laboratory show that many species of microbiotic crusts of lichens, mosses and algae develop extensively in the Gurbantonggut Desert, Xinjiang. The formation, species and distribution are closely related to the environmental conditions at the different positions of sand dunes. The animalcule crusts develop mainly on the mobile or semi-mobile sand surface of dune tops, the alga crusts develop mainly at the upper to middle parts of dune slopes, the lichen crusts develop at middle and lower parts of dune slopes, and the moss crusts are mainly distributed at the lower part of dune slopes and the interdune lowlands. The species, thickness and developing degree of microbiotic crusts increase from the upper part to the middle and lower parts of dune slopes and the interdune lowlands, and an obvious contrast between the microbiotic crusts and the different species of plant communities forms. The development and differentiation of microbiotic crusts at the different positions of dunes are the ecological appearance and the natural selection of synthetic adaptability of the different microbiotic crust species to the local environmental conditions, and are closely related to the ecological conditions, such as the physiochemical properties of soils and stability of topsoil texture.     

Variation of Zr/Rb ratios on the Loess Plateau of Central China during the last 130000 years and its implications for winter monsoon

To find a new index of winter monsoon without effects of chemical weathering and pedogenesis is an important task in loess research. Chemical analysis of five grain size fractions (i.e. >32 μm, 32–20 μm, 20–8 μm, 8–2 μm and <2 μm) show that Zr is enriched in coarser grain size, while Rb is concentrated in finer fractions. An excellent correlation occurs between Zr/Rb ratios and mean grain size in loess units (L₁LL₁ and L₁LL₂) from Huanxian and Xifeng sections, reflecting that Zr/Rb ratios increase when grain size is coarser. Due to immobility of the two elements during the postdepositional process, Zr/Rb ratios can eliminate the effect of weathering and pedogenesis and serve as an excellent proxy on winter monsoon variation. The Zr/Rb ratio curves of the Huanxian, Xifeng and Luochuan sections during the last 130000 years show that the winter monsoon strength was very weak during MIS 3, which corresponded to the intensity during MIS 5.     

Landscape evolution and precipitation changes in the Badain Jaran Desert during the last 30 000 years

On the basis of field expeditions into different parts of the Badain Jaran Desert, new evidence of landscape evolution and precipitation changes during the last 30 000 years has been found from the geomorphological, sedimentological and geochronological studies of the megadune. Different cemented surfaces of palaeo-dunes have been observed in many localities, which are representatives of relatively moister environment. The chronological data show that four periods of more humid environment occurred in the past 30 000 years. The stabilization of dunes in a large scale and the existence of many palaeo-lakes and lacustrine terraces confirm the periodic fluctuations of climate. It implies that the intensity of westerlies and Eastasian monsoons varied in the region of Alashan, and the periods of higher precipitation took place even in the times close to the last glacial maximum.     

从水土保持到全球气候变化:中国黄土研究70年

 中国黄土独特的地层构造一直吸引着不同领域学者的注意。1949年后,黄土研究进入一个全新而系统的阶段。根据大量黄土研究材料,梳理了黄土研究在中国的发展脉络,总结了70年来黄土研究的重要成果。20世纪50-60年代的黄土普查获得了大量关于黄土地区的一手材料,陆续出版有重要影响力的黄土阶段性研究成果;20世纪70年代后,随着新技术与新方法的运用,黄土研究在内容与精度上不断得以丰富与完善;20世纪80年代至今,黄土高原水土流失综合治理研究取得诸多成果,更为重要的是,黄土地层记录的古气候密码逐渐被破解,成为理解全球气候变化的关键因素。在几代学者的共同努力下,中国黄土研究处于世界先进水平。     

A new cheirolepidiaceous conifer from the Early Jurassic of the Junggar Basin, northern Xinjiang and its paleoclimatic implications

Mesozoic sediments are extensively developed in the vast area of Xinjiang and Jurassic strata are well exposed in the Junggar Basin. The Haojiagou geological section near Urumqi in the south of the basin is a typical section for the Lower Jurassic Badaowan and Sangonghe formations. The cheirolepidiaceous conifer Brachyphyllum (Hirmeriella?) sp., which exhibits strongly xeromorphic characters, was discovered in the Sangonghe Formation and is associated with a high relative abundance (up to 75%) of dispersed Classopollis pollen. The occurrence of cheirolepidiaceous foliage and Classopollis pollen in the Sangonghe Formation indicates that a warm and dry climate prevailed in the Junggar Basin during the Early Jurassic (Early Toarcian), supporting the hypothesis for a warming event at that time.     

A new cheirolepidiaceous conifer from the Early Jurassic of the Junggar Basin, northern Xinjiang and its paleoclimatic implications

Mesozoic sediments are extensively developed in the vast area of Xinjiang and Jurassic strata are well exposed in the Junggar Basin. The Haojiagou geological section near Urumqi in the south of the basin is a typical section for the Lower Jurassic Badaowan and Sangonghe formations. The cheirolepidiaceous conifer Brachyphyllum (Hirmeriella?) sp., which exhibits strongly xeromorphic characters, was discovered in the Sangonghe Formation and is associated with a high relative abundance (up to 75%) of dispersed Classopollis pollen. The occurrence of cheirolepidiaceous foliage and Classopollis pollen in the Sangonghe Formation indicates that a warm and dry climate prevailed in the Junggar Basin during the Early Jurassic (Early Toarcian), supporting the hypothesis for a warming event at that time.     

陕北黄土高原土地利用变化的驱动力分析

选取12项自然和社会经济指标,采用模糊综合评判法以县、区为单元计算驱动力指数,并运用地理信息系统软件MapInfo6．5对该地区土地利用变化的驱动力做出空间分区专题图,结果表明,土地利用变化的驱动力在空间上表现出较大的差异性。     

黄土边坡稳定性的简单判别方法——以兰州地区阶地黄土边坡为例

边坡稳定是土木工程中十分重要的问题,黄土边坡稳定性具有明显的地域特点.从兰州地区二三四级阶地取原状黄土,测试黄土的颗粒成分、水溶盐含量、碳酸钙含量、有机质含量、内摩擦角和粘聚力;从黄土的物理性质和力学性质得出高阶地边坡稳定性高于低阶地边坡.以地貌特征、阶地类型、物理性质及力学性质为指标,结合边坡稳定状况调查成果,将黄土边坡划分为不稳定、稳定和极稳定3类.此分类一方面反映边坡的工程地质特性,另一方面可快速定性判别边坡稳定性.     

论明代山东海防与山东沿海社会的发展

明代，海防是影响海疆开发的重要因素。作为国家整体海防链条中的重要一环，山东海防促进了山东海滨城镇的兴起和发展，改善了山东沿海农业垦殖的落后局面，影响了山东海疆地域文化的构建和传承，保护了山东海运的顺利开展。当然，山东海防中的某些错误政策的实行，也制约了山东向海洋空间发展的步伐。明代山东海防的这种“双刃剑”作用启示我们，海防除御敌外，还应该着眼于促进国家海洋经济的建设和发展，谋求沿海社会经济、文化等各方面的全面进步。这为我们今天的海防建设提供了有益借鉴。     

《二十四诗品》中的道家天人合一思想

《二十四诗品》中的道家天人合一思想，首先表现在《雄浑》《冲淡》《疏野》等诸品对诗人人格修养的论述中。它们要求诗人在人格修养上效法道的无为、自然、虚、静的精神，从而与道冥合为一。其次，表现在《旷达》《绮丽》《纤秾》等诸多品目所描绘的诗歌境界中。它们表现的是人在大自然中与自然山水相亲相融，从而达到无为、自然、虚、静的人生境界，与道冥合为一。