表面纳米化对316L不锈钢低周疲劳性能的影响

超声喷丸(USSP)处理工艺在316L不锈钢表面制备出了纳米表面晶层,对表面纳米化后和未表面纳米化的316L不锈钢试样进行对比拉拉低周疲劳试验,运用数理统计学的方法分析研究了表面纳米化处理对316L不锈钢的低周疲劳性能的影响,并就表面纳米化对疲劳性能的影响机理进行了初步分析探讨.研究结果表明,超声喷丸表面纳米化处理可以有效地提高316L不锈钢的低周疲劳寿命;超声喷丸处理在表面所形成的残余压应力、晶粒细化的纳米强化表层是疲劳寿命提高的主要原因.     

Acoustoelastic determination of residual stress with laser doppler velocimetry

The main object of this study is to develop a new technique for stress nondestructive measurement. A noncontact measurement technique of ultrasonic wave velocity is proposed. In the measurement system, a laser Doppler velocimeter, which is noncontact, is used to detect wave motions due to Rayleigh waves instead of a piezoelectric transducer. The noncontact measurement technique is applied to determine the stress-acoustic coefficient of Rayleigh waves for aluminum 5052 and a structural steel, and the results are in good agreement with those obtained using knife-edge piezoelectric transducers. The technique is also used to evaluate residual stress existing in an H-section rolled beam of the structural steel. The distribution of residual stress is reasonable.     

Critical energy for direct initiation of detonation induced by laser ablation

This study describes experimental work examining the critical energy for direct initiation of detonation by laser ablation in a stoichiometric acetylene–oxygen mixture. The amount of input energy, the target material, and the surface roughness of the target were varied to study their effects on shock wave generation. Aluminum and stainless steel were used as target materials. The propagating shock wave induced by laser ablation was observed using high-speed shadow imaging. The critical energy for direct initiation of detonation was calculated using the strong blast wave theory. The critical input energy for aluminum was found to be lower than that for stainless steel. Because the thermodynamic critical temperature of aluminum is lower than that of stainless steel, aluminum caused a phase explosion more easily than stainless steel, thus resulting in direct initiation of detonation with a lower amount of input energy. The effects of surface roughness on critical input energy and shock wave generation were negligibly small. The critical initiation energy was estimated to be \(10.3 \pm 0.2\) mJ, which is in agreement with the experimental data obtained in previous work. The estimated critical initiation energy was independent of the target material. However, other predictions of the critical initiation energy by using the cell size overestimated this value because of the scatter in cell size data of an unstable cellular structure. Furthermore, interaction between plasma plumes formed by laser ablation and those formed by breakdown near the target surface might have contributed to requiring a lower amount of energy for initiating detonation.     

Dynamic photoelasticity as an aid in developing new ultrasonic-test methods

A prerequisite for the development of quantitative ultrasonic-inspection techniques for surface flaws is a thorough understanding of the ways in which elastic waves interact with defects. Analytical and numerical approaches are presently inadequate. Experimental methods are needed for a better understanding of wave interactions with real geometries. This paper describes how dynamic photoelasticity was used to study the interaction between Rayleigh waves and slots. To fully interpret the interactions between an incident Rayleigh wave and a surface slot, the problem was subdivided as follows: first, the reflections and mode conversions of a Rayleigh wave at a corner were studied. This simulated the Rayleigh-wave interaction with a slot opening. Then, the interaction when a Rayleigh wave ran off the tip of a slot was observed, and, finally, the total interaction with slots perpendicular to the surface was studied. The results for these three cases are presented. It is suggested that the most important property of a Rayleigh wave that can be used to size surface and near-surface defects is the subsurface particle motions. These motions persist up to a depth of the order of a wavelength. The shape (that is, the frequency spectrum of the transmitted wave) should, therefore, be affected by the depth of the slot. Spectroscopic analysis is applied to the photoelastic data to develop a simple method for sizing slots. Results from ultrasonic tests on slots in steel confirm the validity of the suggested method. By applying contemporary concepts of signal processing to photoelastic data, a powerful new area of experimental investigation is introduced. It promises to overcome the current inability of scatter theories to predict the interactions between real-life defects and acoustic waves as used in ultrasonic testing. Applications of this approach will improve the quantitative ability of ultrasonic-inspection methods.     

Effects of laser power density on static and dynamic mechanical properties of dissimilar stainless steel welded joints

The mechanical properties of laser welded joints under impact loadings such as explosion and car crash etc. are critical for the engineering designs. The hardness, static and dynamic mechanical properties of AISI304 and AISI316 L dissimilar stainless steel welded joints by CO₂ laser were experimentally studied. The dynamic strain-stress curves at the strain rate around 10³ s^?1 were obtained by the split Hopkinson tensile bar (SHTB). The static mechanical properties of the welded joints have little changes with the laser power density and all fracture occurs at 316 L side. However, the strain rate sensitivity has a strong dependence on laser power density. The value of strain rate factor decreases with the increase of laser power density. The welded joint which may be applied for the impact loading can be obtained by reducing the laser power density in the case of welding quality assurance.     

Inconel 718镍基超合金的空蚀行为研究

采用超声振动空蚀试验机对Inconel 718镍基超合金与316L不锈钢进行空蚀磨损研究. 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、场发射电镜(FESEM)以及高分辨X射线衍射仪对测试样品空蚀磨损表面形貌、微观结构演变和物相进行观察及分析. 结果表明:Inconel 718表现出更优异的抗空蚀磨损性能,其空蚀600 min累计质量损失约为316L的1/3,空蚀孕育期时长为316L不锈钢的2倍左右. 在空蚀孕育期,Inconel 718空蚀损伤首先发生在晶界、孪晶界等界面处,且并未出现明显的塑性变形. 316L在此期间呈现较为明显的塑性变形,空蚀表面起伏波动显著. 在空蚀加速期,Inconel 718质量损失的显著提升是由于空蚀表面微裂纹的扩展导致材料逐渐剥落引起的,316L则是由于空蚀表面大量凹坑的不断形成与合并导致质量损失的增加. Inconel 718空蚀120 min后,观察到空蚀磨损表面有明显的形变孪晶,且与空蚀前的金相形貌相比,形变孪晶有明显增多的趋势.      

Using laser ultrasonics for nondestructive residual stress evaluation

A non-contact measuring technique of ultrasonic waves velocity is proposed, in which Rayleigh waves are detected by a laser Doppler velocimeter and the velocity is measured precisely by means of a sing-around unit and a digital oscilloscope. With the proposed technique, the acoustoelastic coefficient of Rayleigh waves in mild steel SS41 is obtained, which is in good agreement with that obtained by the contact method. Furthermore the non-contact technique is applied to evaluate the residual stress in a butt-welded steel plate, the result is reasonable.     

增材制造微结构演化及疲劳分散性计算

为了预测增材制造中工艺参数?微结构?力学性能之间的关联规律, 提出了集成离散元、相场模拟、晶体塑性有限元和极值概率理论的计算方法, 揭示了激光扫描速度对微结构演化、屈服应力和疲劳分散性的影响. 首先, 采用离散元实现了重力作用下粉床在已凝固层表面上的逐层铺设; 其次, 通过热?熔体?微结构耦合的非等温相场模拟, 获得了熔体、气孔、晶界、晶粒取向等的时空演化以及最终形成的多晶微结构; 然后, 应用晶体塑性有限元计算了增材制造多晶微结构的宏观力学响应, 并得到表征疲劳裂纹萌生驱动力的疲劳指示参数(FIP); 最后, 采用极值概率理论分析了增材制造多晶微结构的FIP极值分布规律及疲劳分散性. 以316L不锈钢选区激光熔化增材制造为例的计算结果表明: 增材制造微结构的宏观屈服强度随激光扫描速度的增加而降低, 且呈各向异性; FIP极值符合Gumbel极值分布规律, 激光扫描速度增加可降低增材制造微结构疲劳分散性, 但会导致FIP极值升高, 使得疲劳裂纹萌生驱动力增加, 疲劳寿命降低.      

316L不锈钢氮离子注入层的高温摩擦磨损特性

考察了316L奥氏体不锈钢高温氮离子注入层的摩擦磨损性能,并分析了其组织结构。结果表明：在相同注入工艺条件下,高温注入后的含氮层深度较常温注入下的提高约10倍;在150～460℃下注入处理时,在距离注入层表面大约40nm深度内的组织结构与注入温度有关,含氮层主要以膨胀奥氏体组织为主;由于膨胀奥氏体、CrN和微晶组织等对含氮层的强化作用,使显微硬度显著提高,摩擦系数明显下降,耐磨性能得到改善;460℃下注入处理后试样的摩擦系数较150℃下处理后的略高,而前者的耐磨性明显较高。     

外加极化电位对316L不锈钢微动磨蚀行为的影响

采用球－平面接触微动磨损试验机考察了轧制固溶316L不锈钢在不同极化状态下的微动磨蚀行为。结果表明：在阳极极化状态下,随着极化电位的升高,腐蚀疲劳微断裂作用增强,促进了微动损伤过程的发展;在阴极保护状态下,摩擦系数随微动过程的变化规律及微动损伤形貌与阳极极化态下的存在显著差异,在阴极极化态下,微动磨擦副之间的粘着导致较高的微动摩擦应力状态,但与阳极极化态相比并未产生严重损伤。     

界面凹坑上纵波－瑞利波转换的实验研究

应用超声技术对界面半球形凹坑上的纵波－瑞利波的波型转换进行了实验研究。在一个特制的钢质模型上，频率为ＩＭＨｚ的纵波从６个不同方向依次入射到３个不同直径的表面凹坑上，然后在８个不同的方向上接收瑞利波。所接收的散射信号被数字化后进行了ＦＦＴ运算。根据所得实验数据得知，当纵波垂直入射凹坑时所转换的瑞利波的总能量最大；当凹坑直径与入射波长相等时波型转换率最大等结论。其中一些结果为反卷积运算和已知数值计算所验证。     

单纤维微拉伸力学性能测试与分析

针对微尺度材料力学性能测试与尺度效应实验研究的需要,自行研制了一台FMT-I型高精度纤维材料微拉伸力学性能实验装置,并基于LabVIEW软件平台开发了相应的数据采集与控制系统,实现了测试过程的全自动化。该装置的测力传感器由非接触式激光位移传感器和两端固定的薄梁组成,可同时测量试样的拉伸力和上夹持端的位移量,帮助精确地获取试样的载荷-变形曲线。采用该装置对微米级直径的多晶铜丝、316L不锈钢纤维和T300碳纤维进行了拉伸测试。实验结果表明,直径为18～105μm多晶铜丝的拉伸力学行为并无明显的尺度效应;多晶铜丝和316L不锈钢纤维的弹性模量分别在43.9～60.0GPa和102.9～111.5GPa之间,均低于宏观尺度下材料的弹性模量;316L不锈钢纤维的抗拉强度和延伸率随着丝径的减小而降低;T300碳纤维的弹性模量为235.4±12.4GPa,抗拉强度为3238.2±280.8MPa,断裂应变约为1.5%。另外,相同的细铜丝材料的测试结果与Instron5848型商用拉伸试验机的测试结果进行了对比,吻合良好。通过系统的实验分析表明,该装置具有较高的精度和稳定性,适用于各种纤维材料的拉伸力学性能测试。     

316L不锈钢不同取向压痕应变率敏感性研究

本研究探讨了不同取向对激光选区熔化(SLM)成形316L不锈钢力学性能的影响．使用纳米压痕测试系统对SLM成形316L不锈钢扫描平面方向和叠加成形方向两个取向的试样进行测试,并通过相关计算得出了材料在这两个方向的弹性模量、硬度、应变率敏感性指数等力学参数．实验结果表明,扫描平面方向的弹性模量和叠加成形方向的弹性模量基本相同;在相同的压入应变率下,扫描平面方向的硬度大于叠加成形方向的硬度;而对于不同的压入应变率,在高应变率下的压痕硬度相对较大;随着压入深度的增加,硬度逐渐减小并趋于稳定值．此外,本研究分析了不同压入应变率下硬度和应变率敏感性指数m的压痕尺寸效应,并得到与尺寸无关的硬度和应变率敏感性指数m．最后,通过引入扫描平面方向准静态宏观压缩工况下的应变率敏感性指数m加以验证本研究的合理性,揭示了SLM成形316L不锈钢在不同取向上应变率敏感性的差异,进而为研究准静态宏观压缩下叠加成形方向的应变率敏感性提供了支撑．     

MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF LASER GENERATED RAYLEIGH AND LAMB WAVES CONSIDERING ITS PULSE DURATION

In this article, laser generated Rayleigh and Lamb waves are studied by taking into account its pulse duration. The physical model and theoretical solution are presented to predict the corresponding waveforms for aluminum samples under the ablation generation regime.The waveforms of the excited Rayleigh and Lamb waves by laser with selected pulse duration were measured by laser interferometer and analyzed theoretically, and the agreement between measurement and analysis is demonstrated for the validation of the theoretical model and solution.The broadening of the Rayleigh wave and the disappearing of high order Lamb wave modes can be found with the increase of the pulse duration by the laser ultrasonic technique.     

温压成型和微波烧结TiC/316L 复合材料的摩擦磨损特性

为提高TiC/316L不锈钢复合材料的致密度和力学性能,采用温压成型和微波烧结复合方法制备了质量百分数为5%的TiC/316L复合材料.在MM-200型环块磨损试验机上研究了复合材料在干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能,并与传统粉末冶金法制备的复合材料耐磨性能进行了对比研究.结果表明:与传统粉末冶金法相比,在相同的烧结温度下,采用温压成型和微波烧结制备的TiC/316L复合材料虽然内部也存在一些孔隙,但组织比较均匀,烧结比较充分,复合材料的致密度和耐磨性均得以提高.随着温压压制压力的增加,复合材料的相对密度和耐磨性快速增加,但过高的压制压力不利于耐磨性的提高.摩擦磨损试验结果表明在压制压力为400 MPa时,复合材料的耐磨性较好.     

PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH ORDER LONGITUDINAL MODES IN STEEL STRANDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Propagation characteristics of high order longitudinal modes of ultrasonic guided waves in seven-wire steel strands are investigated theoretically and experimentally. According to these analysis results, proper longitudinal modes are selected for defect detection in steel strands. Dispersion curves for helical and central wires in a 17.80 mm nominal diameter seven-wire steel strand are numerically obtained firstly, and propagation characteristics of high-order longitudinal modes, such as wave structures, attenuation and dispersion, are analyzed. In experiments, the signals of ultrasonic guided wave at different high frequencies are excited and received at one end of a steel strand by using the same single piezoelectric transducer. The identification of longitudinal modes in the received signals is achieved based on short time Fourier transform. Furthermore, appropriate L（0, 5） mode at 2.54 MHz is chosen for detecting an artificial defect in a helical wire of the steel strand. Results show that high order longitudinal modes in a high frequency range with low dispersion and attenuation whose energy propagates mainly in the center of the wires can be used for defect detection in long range steel strands.     

Scattering by periodic cracks and theory of comb transducers

Combs are distributed ultrasonic transducers for the generation of Rayleigh waves in solids. Synchronously excited by subsequent comb teeth, the surface wave grows along its propagation path under the comb. Although sliding contact between the comb and a solid sample is frequently assumed, the mechanical coupling is not weak. This modifies the surface wave propagation conditions to such an extent that the Rayleigh wave no longer exists at the comb–sample interface. Instead, an interface mode propagates, collecting power from each subsequent comb tooth and delivering it to the comb edge to be eventually transformed into a Rayleigh wave outside the comb. Generation efficiency is evaluated for the optimized angle of incidence of the longitudinal wave onto the comb–sample interface.     

对316L不锈钢的非比例循环粘塑性本构描述

对循环硬化的３１６Ｌ不锈钢提出了一个考虑非比例循环加载下流动和硬化特性的粘塑性本构模型。模型中，通过随动硬化的背应力演化以各向同性阻力演化非比例循环路径及其历史的依赖关系来表征材料的非比例循环附加硬化和非比例循环流动特性，将模型用于预测３１６Ｌ不锈钢的圆形，正菱形应变路径的复杂循环变形行为，其预言结果与实验结果吻合很好。     

曲面曲率对Rayleigh波传播特性的影响

对任意形状的均匀各向同性线弹性曲面物体,用 WKB～（1）方法求解了沿曲面传播的Rayleigh表面波的运动微分方程,同时考虑了波传播方向及其垂直方向曲面曲率对波的穿透性的影, 所获波动方程的势函数解答表明,在一般情况下垂直波传播方向的曲面曲率对波的穿透深度的影响是不容忽视的.进而以同种介质平面表面情况下的Rayleigh面波的传播特性为基准,给出了曲面曲率引起波数或波速变化的解析表达式.通过理论分析和数值算例,描述了曲面上Rayleigh面波传播行为的一些基本特征.     

增材制造316钢高周疲劳性能的微观力学研究

由于增材制造逐层累积的工艺特点, 其成形材料力学性能往往不同于传统减材制造材料. 在航空航天、核工业以及医疗领域中, 对增材制造材料疲劳性能的研究不足导致其很难作为主承力件使用, 这制约着增材制造技术的进一步推广使用. 本文以增材制造316钢为对象, 通过仿真手段研究其高周疲劳性能, 研究表明循环载荷下滑移带与晶界处的裂纹萌生是增材制造316钢材料发生高周疲劳的主要原因. 根据提出的微观力学模型研究了增材制造316钢的高周疲劳性能, 其中分别使用唯象学晶体塑性理论和弹塑性内聚力模型模拟晶粒和晶界的力学行为. 为了准确评估增材制造316钢的高周疲劳性能, 本文针对于晶粒和晶界分别采用Papadopoulos疲劳准则和一种基于安定性理论的介观疲劳准则同时考虑位错滑移和晶界对疲劳性能的影响. 最后, 为了验证所提微观力学模型的有效性, 本文对比了增材制造316钢和轧制316钢高周疲劳性能的仿真结果. 与实验结果相同, 仿真结果显示增材制造316钢相较于轧制316钢具有更好的高周疲劳性能.