Characterization of electrode material for electrostatic spray charging: Theoretical and engineering practices

A new electrode material such as Nickel (200/201 forged bar) is used for spray charging. Comparative study has been made using different materials electrode viz. Nickel, Copper, Stainless Steel, Brass, and Aluminum; electrodes were ring shape with same inner diameter 15.0 mm and outer diameter of 22.0 mm of thickness 3.5 mm. The experiments were conducted in air atmosphere at ambient conditions (T = 20 ± 2 °C, RH = 46 ± 3%), with an air feed rate of 24.6 l/min, liquid feed rate 90.0 ml/min and applied voltage ranging from 0 to +3.0 kV. The results of applied induction electrification process were characterized by a charge-to-mass factor as a function of electrode material.     

Geometric study of the connection between the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian constraints

The second order differential equation character of the solutions of the dynamical equation i(Γ)ω_L = dE_L for a singular Lagrangian L, as well as the conditions for the existence of such a solution, are studied. We also introduce a couple of maps R (L)_v : T _FL(v)(T¹Q) → T_v(TQ) and T(L)_v : T_FL(v)(T¹Q) → T_FL(v)(T¹Q), with v ϵ TQ, which are shown to be very useful for establishing the connection between the constraints arising in the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations.     

A connection between the Einstein and Yang-Mills equations

It is our purpose here to show an unusual relationship between the Einstein equations and the Yang-Mills equations. We give a correspondence between solutions of the self-dual Einstein vacuum equations and the self-dual Yang-Mills equations with a special choice of gauge group. The extension of the argument to the full Yang-Mills equations yields Einstein's unifield equations. We try to incorporate the full Einstein vacuum equations, but the approach is incomplete. We first consider Yang-Mills theory for an arbitrary Lie-algebra with the condition that the connection 1-form and curvature are constant on Minkowski space. This leads to a set of algebraic equations on the connection components. We then specialize the Lie-algebra to be the (infinite dimensional) Lie-algebra of a group of diffeomorphisms of some manifold. The algebraic equations then become differential equations for four vector fields on the manifold on which the diffeomorphisms act. In the self-dual case, if we choose the connection components from the Lie-algebra of the volume preserving 4-dimensional diffeomorphism group, the resulting equations are the same as those obtained by Ashtekar, Jacobsen and Smolin, in their remarkable simplification of the self-dual Einstein vacuum equations. (An alternative derivation of the same equations begins with the self-dual Yang-Mills connection now depending only on the time, then choosing the Lie algebra as that of the volume preserving 3-dimensional diffeomorphisms.) When the reduced full Yang-Mills equations are used in the same context, we get Einstein's equations for his unified theory based on absolute parallelism. To incorporate the full Einsteinvacuum equations we use as the Lie group the semi-direct product of the diffeomorphism group of a 4-dimensional manifold with the group of frame rotations of anSO(1, 3) bundle over the 4-manifold. This last approach, however, yields equations more general than the vacuum equations.Andrew Mellon Postdoctoral fellow and Fulbright ScholarSupported in part by NSF grant no. PHY 80023     

A connection between correlations and the order of bit-number cumulants

Bit-number cumulants have been introduced in earlier papers of the author and were shown to give an ordered system of stochastic measures for correlations between subsystems of a thermodynamic system. It will be shown that in case of the onset of small correlations between the subsystems the bit-number cumulant of ordern is influenced by no higher thann-tuplet correlations.     

A connection between deterministic motion and the steady-state probability distribution

We start with a given deterministic equation of motion for a set of macrovariables. Suppose that we can construct a corresponding master equation which has the following properties. In the limit of large systems the deterministic equation can be derived from the master equation for not too long times and the steady-state probability distribution is the exponential of an extensive quantity. Then, using a theorem concerning the solutions of master equations, we can show that the solutions of the deterministic equations evolve into the direction of a nondecreasing steady-state probability.     

A motor that makes its own track: helicase unwinding of DNA

We study the unwinding of DNA by helicase proteins as a representative system in which a motor protein interacts with a mobile obstacle. In our discrete model, the interaction between the helicase and the DNA fork is characterized by an interaction potential. For the case of a hard-wall potential, the helicase opens the DNA by rectifying thermal fluctuations which spontaneously open base pairs. A potential with nonzero range describes the destabilization of the double strand by the enzymatic action of the helicase. We derive solutions for the opening speed as a function of the potential shape and relate our results to experiments on helicase motion.     

The connection between the generator coordinate method and Bose expansions

It is shown that the generator coordinate method leads to a Bose expansion which in lowest order agrees with the RPA, and which for infinite order is equivalent to the Marumori expansion.     

两平行相交带电圆柱导体的空间电场

用镜象法求解由两平行相交带电圆柱导体所组成的柱形导体边界静电场边值问题,通过简单的数学分析,获得两类平行相交带电圆柱导体问题的空间电场分布．     

Modified exponential function: the connection between nonextensivity and q-deformation

Tsallis thermostatistics has deep-rooted connection with quantum group formalism. Assuming that the modification of the standard exponential function considered in Tsallis thermostatistics has the same functional form as the one appearing in the q-calculus formalism and using the appropriate internal energy constraint, we derive the temperature dependent connection between the nonextensivity parameter and deformation parameter.     

The connection between the two forms of perturbed sine-Gordon equations

A relationship between the first-order solutions of the two forms of perturbed sine-Gordon equations is established.     

A possible connection between the attenuations of the Coriolis interaction and the recoil term

The data require an appreciable attenuation of the recoil term in the particle-rotor model hamiltonian. This fact may be related to the necessity of attenuating the Coriolis interaction.     

The connection between Mueller and Jones matrices of polarization optics

A necessary and sufficient condition for the 4 × 4 Mueller matrix to be derivable from the 2 × 2 Jones matrix is obtained. This condition allows one to determine if a given Mueller matrix describes a totally polarized system or a partially polarized (depolarizing) system. The result of Barakat is analysed in the light of this condition. A recently reported experimentally measured Mueller matrix is examined using this condition and is shown to represent a partially polarized system.     

A remark on the connection between affine Lie algebras and soliton equations

The Lax equations of Drinfeld-Sokolov are derived in the framework of the Fock representation of Clifford algebras. The derivation is based on the bilinear identities for -functions.     

硝基环丁烷炸药及其衍生物表面静电势与感度理论研究

在DFT-B3LYP/6-311++G**水平上,研究了硝基环丁烷及其衍生物和硝基环己烷C-NO_2和N-NO_2键的中点、环上方分子表面静电势及其统计量,建立了三种标题化合物实验撞击感度h50与分子表面静电势及其统计量之间的定量关系.结果表明,这些模型的相关性较差.然而,环张力贡献的引入使其相关性增强.作为一种表征分子全局性质的物理量,分子表面静电势可用于预估炸药分子的感度.随着实验数据的增多,建立撞击感度h_(50)与分子表面静电势及其静电势的统计量之间的定量关系是有必要的.     

硝基环丁烷炸药及其衍生物表面静电势与感度理论研究

在DFT-B3LYP/6-311++G**水平上,研究了硝基环丁烷及其衍生物和硝基环己烷C-NO2 和 N-NO2 键的中点、环上方分子表面静电势及其统计量,建立了三种标题化合物实验撞击感度h50与分子表面静电势及其统计量之间的定量关系。结果表明,这些模型的相关性较差。然而,环张力贡献的引入使其相关性增强。作为一种表征分子全局性质的物理量,分子表面静电势可用于预估炸药分子的感度。随着实验数据的增多,建立撞击感度h50与分子表面静电势及其静电势的统计量之间的定量关系是有必要的。     

A study of electrostatic force on the walls of N-regular polygon-multifin line

By means of conformal transformations, the electrostatic energy of a charged N-regular polygon-multifin transmission line is achieved first. The electrostatic force exerted on each side of the outer wall is computed by using the principle of virtual work. Regarding the properties of the field, the electrostatic force exerted on each side of the inner fin could be calculated. The dependent variable and invariant quantities are analyzed as the cross section of the line undergoes a geometric equiform conversion. The cases for the triangular line, the square line and the hexagonal line are taken as typical examples.     

多棒串接固体激光器谐振腔的研究

运用矩阵光学的方法对多棒串接固体激光器的谐振腔参数及其在平平腔时的热稳条件进行了研究，并计算了六棒串接平平腔固体激光器的稳定区.结果证明：多棒串接固体激光器的稳定区和非稳区相互间隔，在平平腔总腔长、激光棒数量n和棒间距L一定的条件下，当采用对称结构时(L₁=L₂)，则谐振腔的每段稳定区均达到最大；且只要 平平腔满足L₁=L₂=L/2以及热焦距f在大于某个下限值f_m时，稳定性条件01< 关键词： 多棒串接固体激光器 稳定区 热稳条件     

A connection between a system of random walks and rumor transmission

We establish a relationship between the phenomenon of rumor transmission on a population and a probabilistic model of interacting particles on the complete graph. More precisely, we consider variations of the Maki–Thompson epidemic model and the “frog model” of random walks, which were introduced in the scientific literature independently and in different contexts. We analyze the Markov chains which describe these models, and show a coupling between them. Our connection shows how the propagation of a rumor in a closed homogeneously mixing population can be described by a system of random walks on the complete graph. Additionally, we discuss further applications of the random walk model which are relevant to the modeling of different biological dynamics.     

The connection between the coercive force and the initial susceptibility of plastically deformed ferromagnetics

The paper describes the results of measurement on four ferromagnetic materials, plastically deformed in broad limits, which show that between the coer ive force and the inverse value of the initial susceptibility there exists a linear correlation. With two of the given materials this correlation could be explained on the basis of the Becker-Kersten theory of coercive force and initial permeability. The paper also describes the experimental equipment used and gives practical principles in the construction of the coercimeter and permeameter. It also gives a method of determining the influence of the skin-effect of the magnetic field on the results of measurement.