直通穿孔管消声器声学特性预测的数值模态匹配法

将数值模态匹配法应用于计算横截面为任意形状的直通穿孔管抗性消声器的声学特性。应用二维有限元法计算横截面的本征值和本征向量,应用模态匹配技术求解模态幅值系数,进而得到所需的声学量。对于圆形和椭圆形直通穿孔管消声器的传递损失,数值模态匹配法计算结果与三维有限元计算结果和相应的实验测量结果吻合良好,表明数值模态匹配法能够精确计算直通穿孔管消声器的声学特性。计算结果表明,穿孔管的偏移影响消声器在中高频段的消声特性,同轴结构消声器的消声性能好于非同轴结构。      

插管结构对膨胀腔消声器声学性能的影响

将数值模态匹配法(NMM)拓展应用于计算和分析外插管膨胀腔消声器的声学性能,推导了相应的理论公式并编写了计算程序。使用二维有限元法提取横向波数和本征向量,应用模态匹配法计算消声器的传递损失。使用数值模态匹配法和三维有限元法(FEM)研究了插管长度和进出口位置对带有外插进出口管椭圆形非同轴膨胀腔消声器声学性能的影响,两种方法计算结果吻合良好,从而验证了本文数值模态匹配法的正确性。研究结果表明,设置特定的插管长度和进出口位置可以消除消声器的通过频率,进而改善消声器中低频的消声性能。     

消声器声学性能预测的子结构快速多极子边界元法

鉴于快速多极子边界元法的应用主要局限于单区域声学问题计算,发展基于子结构技术的快速多极子边界元法以计算多区域声场问题,介绍基本原理、具体实施过程以及优缺点.以带有插进口管的膨胀腔消声器为例,应用子结构快速多极子边界元法和传统边界元法计算其传递损失,通过与实验测量结果的比较,验证方法的有效性和计算精度.研究表明,快速多极子边界元法与传统边界元法相比,节点数越多,其在节省计算时间,减少计算量等方面的优势越明显.     

阻抗复合消声器声学性能有限元预测方法及分析

为计算和分析具有复杂结构的阻抗复合式消声器的宽频消声性能,建立了一种高效声学有限元方法,给出了不同边界条件下的边界积分处理细节,得到有限元全局系数矩阵表达式,设计出计算程序框架以实现这些算法,其求解规模和计算速度与商业软件相比有优势。为计算阻抗复合式消声器的传递损失,通过阻抗管测量和数据拟合得到了吸声材料声学特性的经验公式。计算和测量了两通穿孔阻抗复合式消声器的传递损失,二者良好的吻合验证了声学有限元方法和计算程序的正确性。研究表明,插管长度影响消声器在中高频段的消声特性,右侧隔板上穿孔会消除共振峰,中高频消声性能随着出口管穿孔率的增加而提升。     

水介质管路弹性背腔微穿孔消声器的传递损失特性

为抑制水介质管路系统低频噪声,兼顾结构的紧凑性,提出弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声结构,弹性管壁为橡胶帘线复合材料,并推导了传递损失的数值解法。首先,基于Biot-Allard多孔弹性理论,将弹性微穿孔板等效为弹性多孔材料;然后,利用双尺度法建立帘布的周期性代表单元,求得其刚度矩阵;接着,基于分层理论,建立弹性管壁的多层复合材料模型,并与内部声场耦合计算,得到弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声器的传递损失。在水介质驻波管中,利用双声源法测量弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声器样机的传递损失曲线,并与扩张式管路消声器和刚性背腔微穿孔管路消声器进行对比,理论结果与试验结果吻合良好。研究表明,弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声器属于反射耗散复合式消声器,具有低频域、宽频带的消声特性。样机B2在40~300 Hz和40~1200 Hz频段内的传递损失分别为36 dB和30 dB,而相同尺寸扩张式消声器在对应频段的传递损失分别为7 dB和11 dB。     

穿孔管消声器声学长度修正的理论公式

推导出穿孔管消声器声学长度修正以及共振频率的理论公式。证明了在均匀分布情况下,多小孔向膨胀腔声辐射与单个小孔向膨胀腔声辐射的声学长度修正系数是一致的。对于小孔向主管道的声辐射,根据理论公式研究了穿孔率、周向均布数以及亥姆赫兹数对声学长度修正的影响,有限元计算得出在直径比小于0.4的情况下声学长度修正系数理论公式与仿真计算结果吻合良好。并利用理论公式的性质以及仿真结果获得了实用的拟合公式,提升了穿孔管消声器在高频时共振频率的计算精度。     

圆孔非线性声阻抗三维时域仿真与特性分析

为研究有限振幅声波作用下圆孔的非线性声学特性,提出了基于三维时域计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真的圆孔非线性声阻抗提取方法,通过求解层流方程来模拟声信号在圆孔及上下游的传播,以及采用横向周期性边界条件来考虑高穿孔率时圆孔之间相互作用的影响。研究了不同幅值声波作用下孔径、厚度和穿孔率对声阻抗的影响规律,通过对质点振速幅值、频率和板厚等组成的无量纲参量进行非线性回归分析,得到了圆孔非线性声阻抗的拟合公式,并将其转换为可考虑多频声波影响的时域模型。最后结合声阻抗时域模型和有限差分方法计算了直通穿孔管消声器在小振幅和有限振幅声波作用下的传递损失,通过与实验测量结果的比较,验证了拟合公式的准确性和实用性。     

有流消声器四极参数和传递损失的边界元法预测

将子结构法和双倒易边界元法联合应用于预测具有三维复杂流存在时管道和消声器的四极参数与传递损失,阐述其基本原理与数值过程.结果表明,双倒易边界元法可正确预测具有较高马赫数亚音速复杂流时管道及消声器的四极参数和传递损失,子结构法可有效降低数值处理过程的复杂性,并提高运算精度和速度.     

双倒易边界元法应用于预测三维势流管道和消声器声学特性

将双倒易边界元法应用于预测具有三维势流存在时管道及消声器的声学特性,阐述了其基本原理与数值过程。与传统边界元方法相比,该方法考虑了声学控制方程中气流马赫数二阶小量的影响,因此适用于具有较高马赫数亚音速流的情况。使用双倒易边界元法预测有气流存在时管道和变截面膨胀腔的四极参数,并与一维解析解和传统边界元法结果进行了比较,从而验证了该方法的正确性。利用双倒易边界元计算并分析了不同结构类型消声器的传递损失,结果表明,三维流对复杂结构的消声器声学性能的影响是不可忽略的。PACS数:43.20,43.     

锥形颈部赫姆霍兹共振器声学性能预测

锥形颈部赫姆霍兹共振器具有更好的低频消声能力,而其声学性能尚无准确解析预测方法。为了研究其声学性能,在声学长度修正的基础上,利用一维解析方法建立了用于计算传递损失的一维修正模型。运用分割法计算锥形管内部声传播的声学长度修正,并给出了声学修正长度计算公式。采用得到的锥形管声学修正长度和一维修正模型,计算出的锥形颈部赫姆霍兹共振器频率与有限元及实验测试结果偏差在2 Hz以内,明显优于不修正的计算结果。表明锥形管声学长度修正法提高了一维解析方法的精度,从而可以快捷准确的预测锥形颈部赫姆霍兹共振器的消声性能。     

Active membrane-based silencer and its acoustic characteristics

A membrane-based silencer using dielectric elastomer absorbers (DEAs) was developed and explored in the present study. Dielectric elastomer, a soft smart material, was used to fabricate this actuator. It has the characteristic of lightweight, high elastic energy density and large deformation under external direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) voltages. The typical acoustic performances of this membrane-based silencer were experimentally identified using a transmission loss (TL) duct acoustic measurement system. It was found that the resonance peaks of this membrane-based silencer could be controlled by applying different external voltages, a maximum resonance frequency shift of 59.5 Hz for the resonance peaks was achieved which indicated that this membrane-based silencer could be adjusted to absorb the target noise without any addition mechanical part. Furthermore, the resonance shift and multiple resonances mechanisms using DEAs were proposed and discussed which was aiming to achieve multi-peaks noise reduction. The present results also provide insight into the appropriateness of the absorber for possible use as an acoustic treatment to replace the traditional acoustic treatment in the noise reduction technology.     

环形定子的激光致表面波机理及可视化探测研究

开展了用于新型激光驱动马达的环形定子的激光致表面波机理及实验研究. 提出一种带有凹槽阵列结构的环形定子新设计, 建立了激光在环形定子表面激发表面波的物理模型, 揭示了影响表面波幅值的关键因素; 采用一种新颖的激光致表面波可视化探测方法, 在波长1053 nm, 脉宽30 ns, 单脉冲能量1 mJ的激光激发下, 对表面波在铜质环形定子表面的传播特性进行了可视化探测实验. 理论与实验研究表明: 当激发光斑的位置紧邻凹槽阵列时, 沿着圆环向凹槽方向传播的表面波会被齿状凹槽阵列迅速衰减和吸收, 而沿着圆环向远离凹槽方向传播的表面波能够持续传递, 从而首次实现了激光致表面波在环形定子上的单向传播; 而对没有凹槽阵列结构的圆环进行的对比实验表明, 激光致表面波在圆环表面双向传播, 最终因相互混叠和串扰等而处于混乱状态. 由激光在该种环形定子表面激发出的单向表面波, 可望在光致表面波马达及驱动机构中获得应用. 关键词： 激光致表面波 环形定子 表面波可视化 激光驱动     

可靠声路径传播特性及目标定位方法研究现状

作为深海中重要的声传播途径之一,可靠声路径声道下的环境噪声级较低,声速剖面变化和海底界面作用对其影响较小。此外,当接收水听器位于该声道下近海底水域时,可实现对近海面中近距离目标的无盲区监测。因此,可靠声路径必将成为一种重要的深海探测与定位途径。该文从可靠声路径的声传播特性着手,综合概述了可靠声路径声传播特性和相应目标定位技术方面的国内外研究现状,旨在回顾当前各项技术成果并展望基于可靠声路径的目标定位技术今后的发展趋势。     

Acoustic attenuation analysis of silencers with multi-chamber by using coupling method based on subdomain division technique

For multi-chamber silencers with non-uniform cross-sections at axial direction, the coupling method based on subdomain division technique is proposed. The silencer is divided into several subdomains which impedance matrixes are calculated by using suitable 3-D methods. Combining with the continuity conditions at the interfaces to solve the integral impedance matrix of the silencer, thereby the transmission loss is derived. For the double-chamber silencers, the transmission loss and computational speed results from the proposed method, the numerical mode matching (NMM) method, 3-D finite element (FE) method predictions and experimental measurements are compared, which verifies the accuracy and efficiency.     

Experimental study of the influence of annular nozzle on acoustic characteristics of detonation sound wave generated by pulse detonation engine

Acoustic characteristics of the detonation sound wave generated by a pulse detonation engine with an annular nozzle, including peak sound pressure, directivity, and A duration, are experimentally investigated while utilizing gasoline as fuel and oxygen-enriched air as oxidizer. Three annular nozzle geometries are evaluated by varying the ratio of inner cone diameter to detonation tube exit diameter from 0.36 to 0.68. The experimental results show that the annular nozzles have a significant effect on the acoustic characteristics of the detonation sound wave. The annular nozzles can amplify the peak sound pressure of the detonation sound wave at 90° while reducing it at 0° and 30°. The directivity angle of the detonation sound wave is changed by annular nozzles from 30° to 90°. The A duration of the detonation sound wave at 90° is also increased by the annular nozzles. These changes indicate that the annular nozzles have an important influence on the acoustic energy distribution of the detonation sound wave, which amplify the acoustic energy in a direction perpendicular to the tube axis and weaken it along the direction of the tube axis.     

High undercooling of bulk water during acoustic levitation

The experiments on undercooling of acoustically levitated water drops with the radius of 5-8 mm are carried out, and the maximum undercooling of 24 K is obtained in such a containerless state. Various factors influencing the undercoolability of water under acoustic levitation are synthetically analyzed. The experimental results indicate that impurities tend to decrease the undercooling level, whereas the dominant factor is the effect of ultrasound. The stirring and cavitation effects of ultrasound tend to stimulate the nucleation of water and prevent further bulk undercooling in experiments. The stirring effect provides some extra energy fluctuation to overcome the thermodynamic barrier for nucleation. The local high pressure caused by cavitation effect increases the local undercooling in water and stimulates nucleation before the achievement of a large bulk undercooling. According to the cooling curves, the dendrite growth velocity of ice is estimated, which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction at the lower undercooling. The theoretical calculation predicts a dendrite growth velocity of 0.23 m/s corresponding to the maximum undercooling of 24 K, at which the rapid solidification of ice occurs.     

Controls of pass-bands in asymmetric acoustic transmission

The controls of the pass-bands in an asymmetric acoustic transmission system are investigated numerically and experimentally, and the system consists of a periodical rectangular grating and two uniform brass plates in water. We reveal that the pass-band of the asymmetric acoustic transmission is closely related to the grating period, but is affected slightly by the brass plate thickness. Moreover, the transmittance can be improved by adjusting the grating period and other structural parameters simultaneously. The control method of the system has the advantages of wider frequency range and simple operation, which has great potential applications in ultrasonic devices.     

水下声辐射激励水表面声波的特征参数测量

采用激光干涉方法对水下声辐射激励水表面声波的特征参数频率和振幅进行了测量研究。从理论上对水表面声波激光相干测量信号的频谱构成进行了分析,在此基础上提出了水表面声波两个重要声学参数频率和振幅的解算方法,并通过数值仿真进行了验证。搭建了一套简单的激光干涉测量实验系统,对不同频率和声压激励的水表面声波进行了测量实验,验证了水表面声波频率和振幅解调方法的准确性。对水表面声波横向传播的振幅衰减现象进行了初步的实验研究,结果表明水表面声波的频率越高,振幅的横向衰减越快。研究表明激光相干检测方法能够准确地实现水表面声波振幅和频率的测量。