影响柴油机燃烧特性若干因素的试验研究

本文对喷油提前角、进气增压压力和每循环供油量等因素对柴油机着火时气缸内压力、最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率以及示功图形状等燃烧特性的影响作了试验研究。文中给出了试验结果,并作了相应的论述。     

改质缸当量比对缸内热化学燃烧模式稀燃天然气发动机燃烧性能的影响

本文基于一台PFI增压稀燃点燃式天然气发动机,在其第四缸进气歧管处加装甲醇液体燃料喷嘴用以加浓第四缸(改质缸),发生缸内热化学燃料改质(TFR,Thermochemical fuel reforming)反应,再将改质缸排气直接引入发动机进气总管,以实现稀燃天然气发动机性能优化。本文研究了改质缸当量比(ΦTFR)对缸内热化学燃料改质过程的影响及对整机燃烧和性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着ΦTFR的增加,改质过程产生的H_2和CO含量显著增加,发动机缸内最大爆发压力和燃烧放热率峰值增加,缸内燃烧温度增加,放热相位提前,火焰发展期和快速燃烧期缩短,发动机工作稳定性增强,同时燃料消耗率降低,有效热效率增加,并且随着Φ_(TFR)的增大,H_2和CO增多,拓宽了TFR稀燃天然气发动机的稀燃极限,有效降低燃烧温度,使得具有降低NO_x排放的潜力。     

直喷柴油机火焰浮起长度的数值模拟研究

采用三维CFD模型模拟了直喷柴油机缸内喷雾燃烧过程,模拟缸压曲线得到了实验的验证.通过高温区与喷嘴之间的稳定距离来确定柴油机火焰浮起长度,研究在不同进气条件下火焰浮起长度的变化情况.该模型成功地预测了火焰浮起长度随着初始进气压力的增大而减少,随着进气温度的升高出现先增大后减少的趋势.同时模拟了在不同EGR率下柴油机缸内燃烧情况,发现火焰浮起长度和燃料着火延迟时间都随EGR率的增加而增大.     

LPG发动机首循环对冷起动排放的影响

分析了电控LPG发动机首循环供气量及点火提前角对冷起动排放的影响.试验在一台四冲程、风冷125 mL单缸电控发动机上进行.试验结果表明,在冷起动工况下,首循环喷油量和首循环点火角对NO排放影响主要体现在前几个循环;首循环喷油量相同时,HC排放随首循环点火角的提前而减小,首循环点火角对CO排放的影响有限;首循环点火角固定时,首循环过量空气系数0.546时HC、CO排放最少.     

单螺杆发动机在不同进气压力下的实验研究

为了改善原有气动发动机的缺陷,提出了一种新型的气动发动机—单螺杆膨胀机,其具有容积效率高、结构控制简单、噪声低、寿命长等特点。为了测试单螺杆膨胀机的各项性能,建立了单螺杆膨胀机压缩空气动力系统,对膨胀机在不同进气压力下进行了实验研究.实验结果表明:随着进气压力升高膨胀机输出功率及总效率升高,而气耗率下降,即膨胀机在高进气压力下具有较好的动力性能、经济性能和较高的总效率。     

柴油机PPCI燃烧模式下预喷策略对缸内高频压力振荡的影响机理研究

柴油机燃烧噪声产生的原因为气动载荷和高频压力振荡,其中高频压力振荡对燃烧噪声有重要影响。为研究柴油机PPCI燃烧模式下预喷对缸内压力高频振荡产生的影响机理,在一台直喷单缸柴油机进行预主喷燃烧试验。利用小波时频分析的方法,将试验测定的缸压曲线进行处理从而得到缸内高频压力振荡的时频图,并重点对其进行分析。分析结果表明,在预主喷试验条件下,压力高频振荡的影响无法通过放热率定性地反映出来。此外主喷燃烧对高频振荡的影响小于预喷燃烧,而且大预喷量结合较早的预喷时刻的喷油策略产生的高频压力振荡最小。预主喷产生高频压力振荡主要分布在-4～16°CA,压力振荡的频段主要集中于4000～5000 Hz和6000～8000 Hz,其中预喷燃烧产生的高频压力振荡的频率范围比主喷燃烧大。     

甲醇裂解气发动机燃烧过程研究

以一台点火式电控发动机为研究对象,利用气相色谱仪对裂解气的成分进行了在线检测,裂解气中除含有H_2和CO外,还含有一定量的CH_3OH蒸汽,三者的含量分别为:23.3%～46%,11.6%～23%和31%～65%;对不同转速和负荷下的气缸压力进行了测量,并计算了其压力升高率和放热率,结果表明:裂解气发动机的最高燃烧压力和压力升高率及最大放热率与裂解率有关。对于裂解率低的工况,由于裂解气的放热较汽油慢,最高燃烧压力和压力升高率及最大放热率也较汽油低;而对于裂解率高的工况,由于裂解气中含氢量的增加,使裂解气的放热较汽油快,裂解气的最高燃烧压力和压力升高率均高于汽油。     

超音速等离子体点火过程的三维数值模拟

为了研究等离子体点燃超音速混合气流的过程,设计并验证了超音速燃烧室的三维计算模型,计算出了燃烧室等离子体点火时的流场参数和化学反应规律,分析了等离子体点火对燃烧室内燃烧的影响。计算结果表明:高温等离子体射流的滞止作用通过增加混合气在燃烧室内的停留时间提高了点火效率; 等离子体点火时燃烧区域的压力扩散比较充分,内部为压力相对平衡的低速流动; 高温等离子体射流高速射向混合气流时产生的速度矢量偏移扩大了点火面积,从而使点火效率得到提高; 氢气、空气燃烧的燃烧产物主要是水,燃烧区域局部温度主要受局部放热反应的影响。     

基于涡声理论的低速轴流风机气动噪声研究

采用PIV和CFD对不同安装角低速轴流风机流场进行对比研究,结合低速等熵流动的涡声理论分析风机内部流场与噪声辐射关联,在此基础上计算风机气动噪声.研究表明,低速等熵流动的气动噪声主要源于流场中涡系的拉伸与破裂.均匀进气情况下低速轴流风机的主要气动噪声源为叶片尾缘涡脱落噪声和叶尖涡噪声,其中前者强度明显大于后者.在此基础上,应用基于CFD的涡脱落噪声预测模型对风机气动噪声预测结果与实验吻合较好.     

生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性研究

各种农林废弃的生物质,经气化炉热解气化产生可燃生物制气,作为柴油为引燃燃料的双燃料发动机主要燃料,测量该发动机及柴油机在运转范围内的燃烧过程,并分析燃烧始点、最高燃烧压力及相位的变化规律。双燃料发动机与燃用纯柴油时的发动机相比,燃烧始点较迟,在低速大负荷时比柴油机气缸最高燃烧压力及最大压力升高率要大,在其余工况比柴油机要低。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.