深海海底声反射区多途时延差分析与近海面声源定位

深海海底反射声工作方式下的声场主要由4条一次海底反射声线路径构成。根据4条声线路径到达接收点的时间不同,可以得到6个不同的声线到达时延差值,当声源位于近海面时, 6条声线路径的时延差曲线随接收深度近似呈线性变化。本文基于虚源理论推导了海底声反射区的多途到达时延结构,给出了6条声线路径的时延差曲线随接收深度变化的近似表达式,通过分析时延差曲线与声源水平距离和深度之间的关系,提出了一种利用多途时延差估计深海海底声反射区近海面声源距离与深度的方法,仿真实验与影响因素分析验证了该原理的正确性。南海实验结果表明,当收发距离在10～33 km时,距离估计结果和深度估计结果都同实际声源距离和深度吻合较好,估计误差不超过15%,验证了该方法的有效性。     

深海声影区稀疏时延估计与声源测距

研究了深海声影区中经一次海底反射的多途声线到达垂直双水听器的时延差与声源位置的关系,提出了一种稀疏时延估计与声源测距方法。首先利用近海面布放的短间距垂直双水听器接收一定频带的声信号,然后计算接收信号的广义互相关函数,并利用频谱搬移和稀疏解卷积技术提取时延差,最后通过时延差匹配,估计水下声源的距离。仿真实验表明,在4300 m深海中,所提方法能够正确提取多途到达时延差,估计声影区内的声源距离。海试结果表明,当垂直接收孔径分别为21 m和30 m时,声源测距误差分别小于13.6%和8.1%。上述结果表明,所提出的时延估计方法可适应带宽较窄的接收信号,多途到达时延估计参数可用于实现声影区中的水下声源测距。     

穿越深海会聚区的声源定位方法研究

基于WKBZ近似深海会聚区预报模型和方位滤波方法建立了穿越会聚区声源运动参数的估计模型，模拟结果表明，方位误差较小时，在前三个会聚区内，目标运动参数估计结果与模拟设定参数符合较好。     

利用多途时延的被动目标定位方法

本文研究了在海洋波导环境中利用多途时延信息进行水下目标被动定位的方法。理论分析了在等声速理想海洋波导环境中,多途时延信息随时间变化的规律及其与目标运动状态之间的联系。分析结果表明,不需要已知声线类型而仅利用多途时延信息即可实现浅海波导环境中水下目标的被动定位。利用多途时延信息,当有两条声线到达时可以估计运动目标的归一化径向速度;当有三条声线到达时,可实现水下运动目标距离、径向速度的估计。最后利用仿真和实验数据对上述结论进行了验证。     

深海海底反射会聚区声传播特性

在深海声道条件下,海水折射效应会使得声场出现会聚效应;在不完全声道条件下,深海海底对声场具有重要影响.利用在中国南海海域收集到的一次深海声传播实验数据,研究了深海不完全声道环境下的海底反射对声传播的影响.实验观测到不同于深海会聚区的海底反射会聚现象,在直达声区范围内的海底地形隆起可导致海底反射会聚区提前形成,并使得部分影区的声强明显提高.由于不平坦海底和海面的反射破坏了完全声道环境下的会聚区结构,在60 km范围内存在两个海底反射会聚区,会聚区增益可达10 dB以上,同时在11 km附近的影区和51 km附近形成高声强区域.当接收深度与声源深度相同时,第二会聚区的增益高于第一会聚区.在第一会聚区内,随着接收深度的增加,声线到达结构趋于复杂,多途效应更加明显.使用抛物方程数值分析结合射线理论对深海海底反射会聚区现象产生的物理原因进行了分析解释.研究结果对于声纳在深海复杂环境下的性能分析具有重要的指导意义.     

深海大深度声传播特性及直达声区水下声源距离估计

深海大深度声传播特性对在深海近海底进行水声目标探测和定位具有重要意义。利用一次南海中南部深海不完全声道中的脉冲声传播实验数据,分析了海底附近大深度声传播损失及脉冲多途传播特性,并根据直达波和海底-海面反射波的时延差与收发距离的关系,提出一种利用深海直达声区脉冲多途到达时间进行水下声源距离估计的方法。结果表明:当接收器深度位于南海深海海底附近而声源深度较浅时,直达声区水平宽度可达30 km,传播损失相对影区来说较小,有利于水下声源探测;直达声区的直达波与海底-海面反射波的到达时延差随着收发距离的增大单调减小,可被用于水下声源距离估计。得到水下声源的距离估计结果与实验GPS测量结果较为一致,距离估计均方误差为0.28 km。     

深海上层声速剖面水平非均匀分布对声场会聚区特性预报的影响

针对深海上层声速剖面水平方向弱变化对声场会聚区特征的影响,通过对0°出射声线传播轨迹的分析,提出了只考虑声源及会聚区位置附近声速剖面水平变化实现深海声场会聚区特征准确预报的方法,该方法有助于降低深海声传播调查时声速剖面水平非均匀分布的测量工作量。通过模拟小振幅内波引起深海上层声速剖面水平非均匀变化,对该方法进行了仿真验证。南海声传播试验数据分析表明,当不考虑上层声速剖面的水平非均匀分布时,模型预报的声场会聚区位置及会聚区能量分布与实测结果有一定差异,该差异具有距离累积效应,到第二会聚区时位置累计误差可达3 km,当考虑会聚区宽度内声速剖面水平变化时,模型预报的声场会聚区位置与实测结果非常吻合,第二会聚区位置预报误差小于1 km。     

会聚区的水平偏移特性及其临界频率分析

利用数值模型研究了完整深海声道中会聚区的水平偏移特性,根据折射定律和Lloyd镜效应推导了会聚区发生水平偏移时临界频率的表达式。研究结果表明:当声波频率低于临界频率时,会聚区的主导模态与频率相关,随着声波频率减小会聚区会向靠近声源的方向水平移动,同时传播损失明显增大,当声波频率大于临界频率时,会聚区的主导模态近似与频率无关,会聚区的位置和传播损失大小不会随频率改变而发生明显变化,声源深度不同时,临界频率也不同。通过临界频率可以确定在特定声源深度下,会聚区发生水平偏移时需要满足的频率条件,利用临界频率与声源深度之间的关系,可以被动估计深海浅层目标的深度。     

利用宽带声场频率-掠射角干涉结构的深海直达声区目标深度估计方法

针对典型深海环境中宽带声源的深度分辨问题,通过研究深海声场随频率起伏的干涉结构与垂直线阵频域波束输出图中的干涉结构,给出一种直达声区内可区分多水下目标的宽带声源深度估计方法。该方法以近水面目标的射线声场模型为基础,推导出近海面宽带声源接收声场的波束输出表达式,阐明了频域波束输出图中干涉结构与声源深度的对应关系。然后利用改进的傅里叶变换方法将二维频域波束输出图映射到声源深度-掠射角度域,可实现声源深度信息的有效分离。最后开展了深海实验验证,利用垂直阵接收拖曳声源发射的宽带白噪声信号,拖曳声源深度计算结果与实测声源深度基本一致。数值仿真与实验结果均表明该方法可以在多目标复杂环境下准确估计出水下宽带声源的深度。     

利用海底弹射区角度-距离干涉结构特征实现声源深度估计

被动声呐探测位于深海海底弹射区的声源时空时采样能力有限,且声呐接收信噪比较低,导致声源深度估计方法性能较差.针对这一问题,本文基于射线模型推导了干涉结构峰值条纹关于声源位置的理论表达式,提出一种基于角度-距离干涉结构峰值特性的声源深度估计方法,该方法包括利用峰值条纹起伏特性估计声源深度和干涉结构重构两个部分.在低信噪比条件下,被噪声淹没的峰值条纹会重现于重构后的干涉结构,使得声源深度估计方法可以适用于海底弹射区的低信噪比环境.该方法同时结合阵列空时累积增益和干涉结构的图像低秩特性.通过典型深海波导蒙特卡罗仿真实验验证,该方法可在低信噪比条件下对海底弹射区声源的深度进行较为准确的估计.     

Dynamic discrimination of convergence of the LMS time delay estimation in complicated noisy environments

For nonstationary signals, time constant can no longer represent the actual convergence performance of the adaptive delay estimation. A scheme is thus proposed for dynamically discriminating the convergence of the LMS time delay estimation to get an optimal estimate even under complicated noisy environments. Based on the fact that the filter output gets orthogonal to the estimation error only when an adaptive filter operates in its optimal condition, an approximate orthogonality constraint is derived for discriminating the practical adaptation’s convergence. This discrimination condition, which is obtained through the estimated mean-square values of related available variables at each iteration, can be updated in the adaptation process according to the varying statistic characteristics of observed signals. Thus, it can dynamically evaluate the quality of the adaptive solution and end the iteration opportunely. Simulation results are also included to demonstrate its effectiveness to give exact convergence results in both stationary and nonstationary cases.     

深海中利用单水听器的影区声源无源测距测深方法

在典型深海情况下当声源与接收水听器位于海水表层时,在影区内由声源海底接收器、声源海面海底接收器、声源海底海面接收器和声源海面海底海面接收器4条声线形成声场干涉结构,声强随着频率具有两种干涉周期,随着收发距离的增加而增大,分别随着声源深度、接收水听器深度的增加而减小。因此由单水听器记录的声场干涉结构即可实现宽带声源目标的无源测距测深,仿真分析验证了其有效性。在南海深海声学实验中观测到海面宽带噪声源在声场影区所形成的声场干涉结构,数据分析结果验证了深海声场干涉结构用于声源无源定位的有效性。与传统无源定位方法相比,该方法不需要宽带引导声源、精确的海底声学参数和大规模的拷贝场计算。     

Acoustic multipath structure in direct zone of deep water and bearing estimation of tow ship noise of towed line array

In the towed line array sonar system, the tow ship noise is the main factor that affects the sonar performance. Conventional noise cancelling methods assume that the noise is towards the endfire direction of the array. An acoustic experiment employing a towed line array is conducted in the western Pacific Ocean, and a strange bearing-splitting phenomenon of the tow ship noise is observed in the array. The tow ship noise is split into multiple noise signals whose bearings are distributed between 10° and 90° deviating from the endfire direction. The multiple interferences increase the difficulty in recognizing the target for the sonar operator and noise cancellation. Therefore, making the mechanism clear and putting forward the tow ship noise splitting bearing estimation method are imperative. In this paper, the acoustic multi-path structure of the tow ship in deep water is analyzed. Then it is pointed out that the bearing-splitting phenomenon is caused by the main lobe of direct rays and bottom-reflected rays, as well as several side lobes of direct rays. Meanwhile, the indistinguishability between the elevation angle and the bearing angle due to the axial symmetry of a strict horizontal line array causes the bearing to deviate from the endfire direction. Based on the theory above, a method of estimating bearing of the tow ship noise in deep water is proposed. The theoretical analysis results accord with the experimental results, which helps to identify the target and provide correct initial bearing guidance for noise cancelation methods.     

基于矢量水听器的深海直达波区域声传播特性及其应用

对于深海近水面声源产生的声场, 处于较大深度处的接收器在一定水平距离范围内能接收到直达波. 2014年在某深海海域进行的水声考察实验中, 应用深度为140 m的拖曳声源发射实验信号, 布放在水下3146 m深处的矢量水听器成功地接收到了直达波信号. 本文应用射线理论, 分析了深海直达波区域声场的传播特性, 得出了水平振速与垂直振速的传播损失与声线到达接收点处的掠射角以及收发水平距离之间的关系. 在以上分析的基础上, 提出了一种利用水平振速与垂直振速的能量差估计声源距离的方法, 并结合2014年实验数据对实验中两条航线上8 km范围内的目标声源进行了测距, 测距结果与目标的GPS数据符合得较好.     

Bearing splitting and near-surface source ranging in the direct zone of deep water

Sound multipath propagation is very important for target localization and identification in different acoustical zones of deep water. In order to distinguish the multipath characteristics in deep water, the Northwest Pacific Acoustic Experiment was conducted in 2015. A low-frequency horizontal line array towed at the depth of around 150 m on a receiving ship was used to receive the noise radiated by the source ship. During this experiment, a bearing-splitting phenomenon in the direct zone was observed through conventional beamforming of the horizontal line array within the frequency band 160 Hz–360 Hz. In this paper, this phenomenon is explained based on ray theory. In principle, the received signal in the direct zone of deep water arrives from two general paths including a direct one and bottom bounced one, which vary considerably in arrival angles. The split bearings correspond to the contributions of these two paths. The bearing-splitting phenomenon is demonstrated by numerical simulations of the bearing-time records and experimental results, and they are well consistent with each other. Then a near-surface source ranging approach based on the arrival angles of direct path and bottom bounced path in the direct zone is presented as an application of bearing splitting and is verified by experimental results. Finally,the applicability of the proposed ranging approach for an underwater source within several hundred meters in depth in the direct zone is also analyzed and demonstrated by simulations.