Oxidative cyclization of aldazines with bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene

Symmetrical and unsymmetrical aldazines are efficiently converted to 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles by oxidation with bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene (BTI).     

Equivalence volumes in potentiometric titrations

The development of methods for finding the equivalence volume by using linear regression methods is reviewed. The methods discussed are mainly those developed and used at the Department of Analytical Chemistry at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. No attempt has been made to cover the large number of methods of finding the equivalence volume in potentiometric titrations developed elsewhere.     

N-chlorophthalimide as a new oxidant for direct titrations in aqueous acetic acid medium

A stable new oxidimetric titrant, N-chlorophthalimide in anhydrous acetic acid, is proposed for direct titrations of a variety of simple and complex reductants such as As(III), Sb(III), Fe(II), ferrocyanide, iodide, ascorbic acid, hydroquinone, hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, benzhydrazide, isonicotinic acid hydrazide, semicarbazide, thiourea, aniline, phenol, oxine and its metal complexes, and anthranilic acid and its metal complexes.     

一种新的离子液体负载的双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯试剂的合成

以氯乙酰氯和对碘苯胺为原料,经酰化合成了4-碘-氯乙酰苯胺,接着与1-甲基咪唑反应得到氯化1-甲基-3-(4-碘苯氨基甲酰甲基)咪唑钅翁,随后在水溶液中发生阴离子交换,合成了1-甲基-3-(4-碘苯氨基甲酰甲基)咪唑四氟硼酸盐;四氟硼酸盐在过氧化氢/三氟乙酸酐体系中氧化得到一种新的离子液体负载的双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯试剂1-甲基-3-[4-双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯氨基甲酰甲基]咪唑四氟硼酸盐。反应总收率62.3%。试剂没有吸湿性,在空气中长期放置不变质。化学结构用IR、1H NMR、13C NMR、19F NMR和元素分析表征。     

离子负载的双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯对乙酰苯胺类化合物的乙酰氧基化反应

制备了1种新的含有酰胺键的离子负载的双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯固体试剂--1-甲基-3-[4鄄(双三氟乙酰氧基碘)苯甲酰胺基乙基]咪唑四氟硼酸盐. 该试剂无吸湿性, 在空气中长期放置不变质. 研究了1种离子负载的二(乙酰氧基)碘苯试剂和3种离子负载的双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯试剂对乙酰苯胺的对位乙酰氧基化反应. 结果表明, 离子负载的二(乙酰氧基)碘苯试剂氧化能力较弱, 乙酰氧基化产物产率较低; 含有酰胺键的2种离子负载的双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯试剂不发生乙酰氧基化反应; 而1-甲基-3-[4-双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯甲基]咪唑四氟硼酸盐是理想的氧化剂. 以1-甲基-3-[4-双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯甲基]咪唑四氟硼酸盐为氧化剂, 室温下乙酰苯胺及其衍生物与乙酸可区域选择性地发生乙酰氧基化反应, 产率较高. 回收后的离子负载的碘苯容易再生成试剂, 而再生试剂的乙酰氧基化反应活性几乎保持不变.     

Quinquevalent tungsten as a reducing agent in potentiometric titrations

Qmnquevalcnt tungsten prepared by the electrolytic reduction of tungstate in ION HC1 is sufficiently stable when kept in strong acid solutions under COg to be used as an effective reducing agent in potcntiometric titrations. It can be accurately standardised with dichromate. The formal redox potentials of the $\text{W}{}^{\mathrm{+6}}\text{W}{}^{\mathrm{+5}}$ system as determined at different acidities indicate that quinquevalent tungsten is more reducing than the corresponding molybdenum compound.Quinquevalent tungsten can be applied successfully as a volumetric reagent in the potentiometric titration of ferric iron in 8-ioN HC1 or in a mixture of HCl and H3PO4 0.5.N each and of cupric copper in 8N HCl at 80° C. It can also be applied for the estimation of iodate, provided that the latter is used as the titrant.     

Calculated equivalence volume in potentiometric acid-base titrations

Summary Using a pH meter, a motorized burette and a programmable pocket calculator potentiometric acidbase titrations may be carried out with a high degree of precision, a high degree of accuracy and in a time comparable to the time needed to perform a titration with a visual indicator. With the exception of the lowest concentration of the weak acid a precision higher than 0.01 ml of the reagens is easily obtainable, whereas the accuracy may be as high as 0.1 %. The method is suitable over a wide range of concentrations of either strong or weak acids.

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Berechnetes Äquivalenzvolumen bei potentiometrischen Säure-Base-Titrationen

Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe eines pH-Meßgeräts, einer Motorbürette und einem programmierbaren Taschenrechner können potentiometrische Säure-Base-Titrationen mit hoher Reproduzierbarkeit und Richtigkeit in einer mit der Verwendung von visuellen Indicatoren vergleichbaren Zeit durchgeführt werden. Mit Ausnahme der niedrigsten Konzentration einer schwachen Säure wurde eine Reproduzierbarkeit von besser als 0,01 ml und eine Richtigkeit von 0,1 % erhalten. Das Verfahren ist für einen weiten Konzentrationsbereich von starken und schwachen Säuren geeignet.

     

Ion-selective electrodes in potentiometric titrations; a new method for processing and evaluating titration data

A new method to convert the potential of an ion-selective electrode to concentration or activity in potentiometric titration is proposed. The advantage of this method is that the electrode standard potential and the slope of the calibration curve do not have to be known. Instead two activities on the titration curve have to be estimated e.g. the starting activity before the titration begins and the activity at the end of the titration in the presence of large excess of titrant. This new method is beneficial when the analyte is in a complexed matrix or in a harsh environment which affects the properties of the electrode and the traditional calibration procedure with standard solutions cannot be used. The new method was implemented both in a method of linearization based on the Grans's plot and in determination of the stability constant of a complex and the concentration of the complexing ligand in the sample. The new method gave accurate results when using titrations data from experiments with samples of known composition and with real industrial harsh black liquor sample. A complexometric titration model was also developed.     

Aluminum as a superior endpoint sensor in some potentiometric titrations

Summary Aluminum rod and wire sensors surpassed conventional sensors in the magnitude of potentiometric breaks obtained in the titration of halides vs. silver ions, aluminum vs. fluoride ions, fluoride vs. lanthanum ions, and phosphate vs. lead, cerous, and lanthanum ions. In the titration of fluoride vs. aluminum or thorium, sulfate vs. lead, and phosphate vs. silver ions, however, conventional sensors were superior to aluminum. In the titration of phosphate vs. lead, cerous, or lanthanum ions endpoint breaks occurred in the negative direction, unlike the usual breaks in the titration of anions vs. cations. The theoretical basis for these phenomena remains unexplained.

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Aluminium als vorteilhafter Endpunkt-Sensor bei potentiometrischen Titrationen

Zusammenfassung Stab- und Draht-Sensoren aus Aluminium übertreffen konventionelle Sensoren durch die Grö\e der potentiometrischen Stufe bei folgenden Titrationen: Halogenide gegen Silber, Aluminium gegen Fluorid, Fluorid gegen Lanthan, Phosphat gegen Blei, Cer(III) oder Lanthan. Dagegen sind bei Titrationen von Fluorid gegen Aluminium oder Thorium sowie von Sulfat gegen Blei und Phosphat gegen Silber konventionelle Sensoren vorteilhafter. Bei der Titration von Phosphat gegen Blei, Cer(III) oder Lanthan verlaufen die Endpunktstufen in negativer Richtung, im Gegensatz zu den üblichen Stufen bei der Titration von Kationen vs. Anionen. Die theoretischen Grundlagen für diese Erscheinungen sind noch ungeklÄrt.

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Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract number W-7405-ENG-48.     

Valgran, a program for potentiometric titrations with a versatile automatic modular system

A very flexible modular system for use with a portable IBM PC for potentiometric titrations is described. The appropriate software has been developed in order to obtain automatic end-points, and conventional, first-derivative, second-derivative and Gran curves, as well as a listing of the potentiometric points expressed in different ways. All these alternatives are selectable on menu presentations. The potentiometric system has been applied both the research and routine problems.     

Determination of thallium(I) in solutions containing cations interfering in potentiometric ion-pair formation-based titrations

The possibility of the use of simple potentiometric coated-wire sensors in the analysis of mixtures of ions, the determination of which is based on the ion-pairing principle, was studied. Attention was especially paid on the determination of thallium(I) in the presence of alkali metal ions, mercury(II), copper(II) and silver(I). It was found that thallium(I) can selectively be titrated with sodium tetraphenylborate in diluted solutions. Interferences of ions of the alkali metals are practically negligible if their concentrations are lower than 10(-3) mol dm(-3). Interference of Cu(II) is minimized using EDTA as a masking agent, Hg(II) and Ag(I) ions are sufficiently screened by additions of sodium cyanide. In mixtures containing higher concentrations of alkali metals, thallium(I) can be oxidized to thallium(III) and selectively titrated as TlCl(-)(4) with a cationic titrant.     

Critical evaluation of potentiometric redox titrations in enology

Measurements of the zero current potential of a platinum electrode immersed in solutions of tanins or in wines of various origins, were performed during the additions of a solution of Ti(III), or of a solution of dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP), in order to obtain a global indication for the resistance to oxidation of some wines. The steady state intensity-potential curves on a platinum electrode highlight the occurrence of mixed potentials between the oxidation of ethanol or catechin and the reduction of oxygen present at very low concentrations, as well as the irreversibility of the redox system Ti(IV)/Ti(III). The adsorption of various species on the platinum and the slowness of the oxidation reactions by DCPIP exclude use of potentiometric titration theory. The shape of the potential-reagent volume curves depends on the nature of the solution and on the rate of reagent introduction. Generally, due to the slowness of the oxidation reactions with DCPIP it is impossible to find a linear relationship between the volume of titrant solution necessary to reach the inflexion point of the curves and the solution composition.     

Signal processing with a summing operational amplifier in multicomponent potentiometric titrations

It has been proved that application of two indicator electrodes connected to the ordinary titration apparatus through an auxiliary electronic device (a summing operational amplifier) significantly extends the scope of multicomponent potentiometric titrations in which the analytes are determined simultaneously from a single titration curve. For each analyte there is a corresponding potential jump on the titration curve. By application of the proposed auxiliary device, the sum of the electrode potentials is measured. The device also enables the relative sizes of the potential jumps at the end-points on the titration curve to be varied. The advantages of the proposed signal processing are exemplified by complexometric potentiometric titrations of Fe(III) and Cu(II) in mixtures, with a platinum electrode and a copper ion-selective electrode as the indicator electrodes.     

The aluminium indicator electrode in acid-base potentiometric titrations

Aluminium has been employed as an indicator electrode in potentiometric acid-base titrations. The titration curves obtained were approximately 3.6 times broader than those obtained with the antimony electrode.     

具有酰胺键的离子负载双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯对乙酰苯胺类化合物的乙酰氧基化反应

以氯乙酰氯、N-乙基对碘苯胺为原料,经酰化反应合成了N-乙基-N-(4-碘苯基)氯乙酰胺,接着与1-甲基咪唑反应,随后在水溶液中和四氟硼酸钠发生阴离子交换,合成了四氟硼酸1-甲基-3-(N-乙基-4-碘苯氨基甲酰甲基)咪唑鎓盐,该四氟硼酸盐在过氧化氢/三氟乙酸酐体系中氧化得到一种新的离子负载的双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯试剂四氟硼酸(1-甲基-3-{N-乙基-4-[双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘]苯氨基甲酰甲基}咪唑鎓盐)。所合成的碘苯试剂没有吸湿性,在空气中长期放置不变质。以这种新试剂为氧化剂,室温下乙酰苯胺及其衍生物与乙酸区域选择性地发生乙酰氧基化反应,产率较高。该离子负载型碘苯试剂可回收后再生,而再生试剂用于乙酰氧基化反应时活性几乎保持不变。     

Natural pyrite as an electrochemical sensor for potentiometric titrations with EDTA, mercury(II) and silver(I)

The results obtained in potentiometric titrations of copper(II), mercury(II) and iron(III) with standard EDTA solutions are presented. The titration of copper(II) at pH values in the range from 8.11 to 10.99 (ammonia buffer) and the titration of mercury(II) and iron(III) at pH values from 3.59 to 5.65 (acetate buffer) were performed. The titration end-point (TEP) was detected with an indicator electrode made from natural crystalline pyrite as an electrochemical sensor. The results obtained in potentiometric titration with the pyrite electrode were compared with those obtained using a platinum electrode (Fe³⁺), a Cu ion selective electrode (Cu²⁺) and a Hg electrode (Hg²⁺). Accurate and reproducible results with good agreement were obtained, but higher potential changes at the TEP were obtained using the pyrite electrode. In the course of the titration the potential was established within less than 1 min, whereas at the TEP it was within about 2–3 min. The potential changes at the TEP were in the range from 60 to 200 mV per 0.1 ml EDTA, according to the stability constant of the complex formed. The highest potential changes, ranging from 160 to 200 mV, were obtained in the titration of iron(III) at pH 3.59. Reverse titration was also performed and accurate and reproducible results were obtained. Moreover, titration of halogenide and thiocyanate with standard mercury(II) solutions, as well as cyanide with silver(I) solution, were performed and accurate and reproducible results were again obtained. Received: 20 February 1998 / Accepted: 19 November 1999     

Trialkyl- and trialkoxy(trifluoroacetoxy alkyl)silanes

Conclusions A method was developed for the synthesis of trialkyl- and trialkoxy(trifluoroacetoxyalkyl)silanes, which is based on the reaction of the corresponding iodoalkyl or bromoalkyl derivatives with silver trifluoroacetate.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1170–1172, May, 1978.     

Semiautomatic and automatic catalytic amperometric and catalytic constant-current potentiometric titrations of gold(III)

Semiautomatic and automatic amperometry and constant-current potentiometry were used to follow the course of catalytic titration of gold(III) with potassium iodide. The Ce(IV)-As(III) system in the presence of sulfuric acid was used as the indicator reaction. The possibilities of the application of two types of graphite electrodes were investigated. The effect of concentration of the indicator reaction components, and the presence of organic solvents and acids on the shape of the catalytic titration curves was studied. Amounts of 80–900 μg of gold(III) were determined with a relative standard deviation less than 1.1%. The results obtained are in good agreement with those of comparable methods.