近高超声速高温蓝宝石窗口下中波红外成像退化分析仿真与性能测试实验

本文基于高温红外窗口热辐射红外成像探测器干扰机理,开展高温红外窗口成像分析、仿真与实验验证研究工作. 根据流体仿真计算获得的高温窗口温度及实验测得的窗口发射率、吸收率等参数,开展窗口热辐射计算;建立了光学窗口介质内部辐射传输路径和强度计算模型,并给出了窗口辐射出射模型以及相应红外成像模型;基于光学追迹方法,把窗口热辐射成像的计算问题转换成了光学计算问题;设计了一种基于高温蓝宝石红外窗口的加热实验,对红外成像仿真结果进行了检验. 通过仿真结果与窗口加热实验结果对照,将基于模型分析获取图像与实验结果图像作差,得到的平均每个像素误差值为0.45;实验发现在窗口约773 K条件下,设计的中波红外成像系统的信噪比、对比度分别降低到原来三分之一左右,而整个红外成像系统NETD值由原来的约52 mK上升到了954 mK. 本文提出的窗口热辐射分析方法可以有效估计窗口热辐射对中波红外成像的影响,设计的实验对成像系统的指标验证有较好的用途,同时对红外成像系统波段细化优选和成像参数调整,降低图像退化程度,都有着重要的指导意义. 关键词： 近高超声速 高温蓝宝石窗口 气动效应 仿真与实验     

双材料微梁阵列室温物体红外成像

针对近年出现的新概念光学读出双材料微梁阵列红外成像技术，提出了具有热变形放大效果的无硅基底回折腿间隔镀金的微梁单元结构,并建立了其热机械模型，在模型分析基础上，成功的设计制作了100×100像素的焦平面阵列(focal plane array,FPA).在构建的红外成像系统中，实现了对室温物体——人体的热成像，噪声等效温度差约为200mK.实验结果与热机械模型的分析一致. 关键词： 非制冷红外成像 光学读出 双材料微梁阵列     

Uncooled thermo-mechanical detector array with optical readout

This paper reports a novel uncooled infrared FPA whose performance is comparable to the cooled FPA’s in terms of noise parameters. FPA consists of bimaterial microcantilever structures that are designed to convert IR radiation energy into mechanical energy. Induced deflection by mechanical energy is detected by means of optical methods that measure sub nanometer thermally induced deflections. Analytical solutions are developed for calculating the figure of merits for the FPA. FEM simulations and the analytical solution agree well. Calculations show that for an FPA, NETD of < 5 mK is achievable in the 8–12 μm band. The design and optimization for the detectors are presented. The mechanical structure of pixels is designed such that it can be possible to form large array size FPA’s. Microfabrication of the devices to improve the performance further, employs low cost standard MEMS processes. The paper presented there appears in Infrared Photoelectronics, edited by Antoni Rogalski, Eustace L. Dereniak, Fiodor F. Sizov, Proc. SPIE Vol. 5957, 59570O (2005).     

红外成像系统NETD参数测试算法及应用研究

噪声等效温差(NETD)是表征红外成像系统灵敏度的关键参数,也是评估红外成像系统性能的重要参数之一,应用广泛。通过对红外成像系统3D噪声、信号传递函数(SiTF)、NETD等参数测试方法、算法和流程研究,给出一种基于视频文件的3D噪声离线对比测试方法和一种SiTF线性区自动判断计算斜率算法,在此基础上针对某型技术保障装备国产化光电检测平台开发了配套应用软件功能模块。实现了通过计算单位均方根噪声所对应的SiTF斜率值,分析得出系统NETD参数值的功能。以某型热像仪为被测对象,开展了测试结果重复性和一致性试验,并与美国Optikos公司I-SITE红外整机测试系统进行了对比测试。实验结果表明开发的NETD参数测试功能模块测试精度和重复性满足设计要求,具有较高实用价值,已进行了工程应用。     

Infrared Multispectral Imaging: Principles and Instrumentation

Abstract

A multispectral imaging spectrometer is an instrument that can simultaneously record spectral and spatial information of a samples. Chemical and physical properties of the sample can be elucidated from such images. In a multispectral imaging instrument, a camera is used to record the spatial distribution of the sample, and the spectral information is gained by scanning a dispersive device to record spectra for each image. This overview article describes operational principles and recent development of various components used in infrared multispectral imaging instruments including the electronic dispersive devices (acousto-optic tunable filter and liquid crystal tunable filter) and IR cameras (InGaAs, InSb, HgCdTe and QWIP cameras).     

An approach for the performance analysis of an uncooled infrared bolometer imager

As an approach for analyzing an uncooled infrared bolometer imager, a method is introduced which supposes that a thermal system is built into the infrared radiation detection mechanism. In this analysis, the bi-directional radiation energy flows between two thermal elements are considered and a radiation thermal conductance between them is defined. Based on the values of the radiation thermal conductances and conventional material thermal conductance, an equivalent thermal circuit for a bolometer detector element is extracted. Calculations were carried out using software written in visual C++. The analysis shows a Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (NETD) of 50 mK is obtained as a typical value, assuming that no additional noise other than temperature fluctuation noise exists, and that the NETD becomes better as the system time constant built into the equivalent thermal circuit increases.     

扫描热成像系统NETD数学模型的研究

讨论了最近几十年发展起来的最具代表性的10种NETD模型的优缺点．在对它们进行综合分析的基础上建立起了新的适用于扫描热成像系统的NETD数学模型，得到的模型消除了光学系统大的f／#影响，增加了两个可供选择的光谱滤波函数，并考虑了占空比在模型中的影响．建立起的模型能客观全面地用于热成像系统温度灵敏度的性能评价。     

制冷型中/长红外双波段双视场全景光学系统设计

为了同时探测中波红外和长波红外两个波段信息,实现两个不同视场快速切换,采用空间多镜头图像拼接全景成像法,设计了四通道制冷型中/长红外双波段双视场全景成像光学系统。该全景系统由周视方向3个互成120的红外物镜和顶视方向一个红外物镜构成,每一个成像通道光学系统采用二次成像结构。F数为2,工作波段为中波3.5 m～4.8 m、长波7.8 m～9.8 m,双视场两档焦距之比为5,通过轴向移动变倍组可以完成122/44.49双视场转换。利用折/衍混合器件及非球面设计技术,采用光学被动式消热差法对光学系统进行了温度补偿。设计结果表明,该双视场光学系统具有100%冷光阑效率和良好的冷反射抑制能力。在-40℃～+60℃范围内,在奈奎斯特频率18 lp/mm位置处,中波红外系统MTF值均大于0.5,长波红外系统MTF值均大于0.3。     

A novel opto-mechanical uncooled infrared detector

This paper presents a novel opto-mechanical uncooled infrared detector that has successfully been fabricated. The detector is composed of a bi-material micro-cantilever array released from the Si substrate, whose reflector retains its shape even with changes in temperature. In comparison with the generally used sacrificial layer cantilever, the loss of incident IR energy caused by the reflection from and absorption by the silicon substrate is eliminated in this substrate-free structure. Moreover, the freestanding structure of the detector makes it easy to fabricate. The revised reflector in this structure has no distortion during its activity that keeps the sensitivity of the detector from being passivated. We present an infrared (IR) image of a person’s hand to demonstrate the ability of the structure to create images. The performance test showed that the noise-equivalent temperature difference of the imaging system can reach about 175 mK.     

多谱段短波红外小鼠静脉荧光观测成像研究

短波红外(short-wave infrared,SWIR)一般指900～1700 nm的光波段,是肉眼不可见的光波段,这种波段目前主流的探测器以InGaAs为主,主要用于军事、生物以及材料光谱分析等领域.短波红外荧光成像以其对生物组织光学损伤小、成像深度大、成像信噪比高、空间和时间成像分辨率高等特点,使得基于InGa...     

基于光参量变频与放大的高灵敏红外成像技术

针对可用于微弱红外图像探测的光学参量变频与增强技术,进行了仿真与实验探索.针对高增益光参量放大器(OPA)过程中的参量荧光背景噪声,提出了基于外接圆模型的空间滤波技术,通过仿真优化设计,利用空域、频域滤波与像传递系统相结合的方法,将参量荧光背景的抑制比例超过70%,其增强后的成像质量较之前有明显改善,峰值信噪比提升22%.基于10 Hz,355 nm的大能量皮秒紫外抽运激光,实现了红外波段到可见光波段的参量频率上转换,得到了超过1.3×108(82 d B)的光学图像增益.实验结果表明,采用高增益OPA作为光学预放大级之后,常规非制冷电荷耦合器件可实现微弱红外成像的有效探测,灵敏度可达每像素7.4个光子.该方案有望用于单光子级高灵敏红外成像场合.     

大口径折反式中波红外衍射望远镜系统设计

为实现空间红外望远镜的高分辨率探测,基于Schupmann消色差理论,开展了大口径折反式中波红外衍射望远镜系统的设计及消热差模型研究.设计了口径1 m、F数为2、全视场0.12°、波段3.8μm～4.2μm的折反式中波红外衍射望远镜系统,其主镜及校正镜均为平面衍射透镜,中继系统采用卡塞格林折反式结构,再聚焦及三次成像系...     

基于PCI-E和光纤的红外高速传输系统

 随着红外成像探测系统向长线列和大面阵方向发展,红外数据量大幅度增加,传统的数据传输技术已不能满足这么高的传输速度要求,针对这个问题采用先进的PCI（peripheral component interconnect,外设组件互联）Express（简称PCI E）技术和光纤高速传输技术,系统速度达到100 Mbyte/s以上,解决了红外图像超高速传输问题,并通过实验采集到了高质量的红外图像。结果表明,该系统对高速红外图像采集具有很高的实用价值。     

双色红外共孔径消热差光学系统设计

针对红外搜索跟踪系统对目标的探测,为提高光学系统在复杂背景下的探测能力,设计了双色红外共口径光学系统。系统工作波段为红外中波3 m~5 m和红外长波8 m~12 m,采用分光型RC系统实现双波段共孔径清晰成像,总焦距为400 mm,相对孔径D/f=1/2,全视场角为2,为了抑制中波的热辐射杂光,对中波系统实现了二次成像,通过红外材料与光焦度的合理分配实现了折反式被动消热差设计。设计结果表明,系统在-40℃～+60℃工作温度下像质优良,能够满足红外搜索跟踪系统的使用需求。     

320×240长波非致冷微测辐射热计红外热象仪的研制

介绍了基于微测辐射热计320×240长波非致冷红外热象仪的研制,详细说明了其电气系统的设计方法及技术关键,并对其光学系统进行了简要说明.采用高象质的双反射光学系统以减少象差;红外探测器采用320×240长波非致冷集成微测辐射热计红外焦平面阵列(FPA);电气系统采用复杂可编程逻辑器件(CPLD)完成红外焦平面阵列的驱动,应用数字信号处理(DSP)技术实现红外焦平面阵列的非均匀性校正、图象增强及红外图象实时显示等.     

Analysis of point-target detection performance based on ATF and TSF

In many real applications such as remote sensing and space surveillance, traditional method based on ideal imaging has already been well-established. It is widely applied to analyze point-target detection performance of electro-optical imaging system, including signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD). However, this method cannot accurately predict these performance parameters, as it fails to take into account the influence of optical blurring caused by atmospheric turbulence, optics diffraction, optical aberrations, etc. In this sense, the methods, if proposed to thoroughly incorporate degrading factors into object acquisition model, would succeed to describe point-target detection performance to more degree of accuracy. The main focus of this article is to quantitatively analyze the influence of optical blurs upon point-target detection, and to establish close relationship between optical blurring and metrics of point-target acquisition. This point can be interpreted and achieved mathematically: the mathematical analysis based on image acquisition model is to combine Aperiodic Transfer Function (ATF) and Target Size Function (TSF) with analysis of SNR and NETD. In addition, the concept of NETD, traditionally used to describe extended object detection, is generalized and equivalently applied to analyze point-target detection. This refined method can be directly and conveniently used for faithfully predicting detection performance, and provides a more reliable benchmark for improving measurement setup, if we properly estimate the degree of image distortion.     

15 μm Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector for thermometric imagery in cryogenic windtunnel

Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) usually suffer from a too moderate quantum efficiency and too large dark current which is often announced as crippling for low flux applications. Despite this reputation we demonstrate the ability of QWIP for the low infrared photon flux detection. We present the characterization of a state of the art 14.5 μm QWIP from Alcatel-Thales III–V Lab. We developed a predictive model of the performance of an infrared instrument for a given application. The considered scene is a cryogenic wind tunnel (ETW), where a specific Si:Ga camera is currently used. Using this simulation tool we demonstrate the QWIP ability to image a low temperature scene in this scenario. QWIP detector is able to operate at 30 K with a NETD as low as 130 mK. In comparison to the current detector, the operating temperature is 20 K higher. The use of a QWIP based camera would allow a huge simplification of the optical part.     

激光干扰红外成像系统的噪声等效温差及信噪比分析

噪声等效温差(NETD)和信噪比(SNR)是衡量红外成像系统性能的重要指标之一,它与探测器的多种性能参数有关。分析了激光辐照干扰红外探测系统及不同材料类型红外探测器性能参数变化。通过理论定量计算分析,比对YAG激光(波长1.06 μm)干扰前后系统噪声等效温差、信噪比曲线,得到了激光损伤后的NETD比损伤前NETD大2至3个数量级,同时,激光干扰后的信噪比相对激光干扰前信噪比小2个多数量级,进一步推导出激光干扰对红外探测系统的影响。     

折/反混合式长波红外成像光谱仪光学系统设计

为了实现遥感目标的长波红外高光谱成像,满足目标探测对多信息量的需求,设计了高光谱分辨率长波红外(8~12 μm)成像光谱仪。前置望远系统采用离轴三反系统,以实现无遮拦、大口径及宽视场成像设计;光谱分光系统分别采用折射式和反射式结构进行优化设计。设计结果显示,采用折射式结构,可得到通光孔径为100 mm,F数为2,光谱分辨率16 nm,空间分辨率150 μrad,冷光阑效率100%,成像质量接近衍射极限的光学系统;采用反射式结构,为了保证光学系统无挡光,需采用多片离轴反射镜,增加了系统的非对称性,使得系统的像散、彗差和场曲难以校正到最佳状态。设计结果表明：折/反混合式成像光谱系统具有光谱分辨率高、成像质量好和结构合理等优点,点斑均方根直径与国内现有探测器像素尺寸匹配。     

Role of composite MnO2 cathode on electrochemical cells based on polymer electrolyte (PEO/NaClO3)

Thin-film sodium-ion-conducting polymer electrolyte based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) system was prepared by solvent casting method. The thin-film electrolytes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and alternating current conductivity, and Wagner’s polarization method. The complexation of salt with PEO was confirmed by XRD and IR studies. The charge transport of these electrolytes is mainly due to ions, which was confirmed by the transference number experiment. The conductivity studies show that the conductivity value of PEO/NaClO₃ complex increases with the increase of temperature as well as the addition of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, and propylene carbonate. The electrolyte stability and cell reversibility were analyzed by CV studies. Electrochemical cells have been fabricated with a common cell configuration Na|electrolyte|(MnO₂ + I₂ + C + electrolyte), and their discharge characteristic studies were made through a load 100 kΩ at room temperature. The measured open circuit voltage ranges from 2.80 to 2.54 V with short circuit current ranges from 667 to 1,000 μA and several other cell parameters were evaluated. Finally, the merit of the composite cathode is found with the comparison of the MnO₂ cathode.