Studies Related to Biological Detoxification of Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent. III. The Biodegradation of Abietic Acid with Mortierella isabellina

A study relating to the biological detoxification of resin acids is described. Abietic acid was transformed into a number of non-toxic hydroxylated derivatives by Mortierella isabellina. The biotransformation products have been identified and shown to be less toxic than abietic acid.     

Studies Related to Biological Detoxification of Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent. IV.The Biodegradation of 14-Chlorodehydroabietic Acid with Mortierella isabellina

One of the fish-toxic chlorinated resin acids, 14-chlorodehydroabietic acid ( 5 ), found in kraft mill effluent is examined. When exposed to the fungus Mortierella isabellina, 5 is converted into a number of hydroxylated derivatives which show low levels of toxicity to fish. These biotransformation products were isolated and characterized.     

Studies related to biological detoxification of kraft pulp mill effluent. VII. The biotransformation of 12-chlorodehydroabietic acid with mortierella isabellina

A detailed study of the biodegradation of one of the fish-toxic chlorinated resin acids, 12-chlorodehydroabietic acid (3) , is discussed. When 3 is exposed to the fungus Mortierella isabellina, it is converted into the monohydroxylated metabolites 2α-hydroxy-12-chlorodehydroabietic acid (5) and 16-hydroxy-12-chlorodehydroabietic acid (8) after short-term (26 h) incubation, and into the 2α, 16-dihydroxy derivatives 11 and 14 after 96 h incubation. These metabolites show low levels of toxicity to fish.     

Structural Characterisation of the Coloured Organic Matter from an Eucalyptus Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent

Abstract

XAD-8 and XAD-4 resins in tandem were used to isolate and fractionate the coloured organic matter from an eucalyptus bleached Kraft pulp mill effluent which is discharged into river Vouga (Portugal) near the lagoon that exists in its terminal part. The composition of the isolated organic matter was investigated by FTIR and CPMAS-¹³C-NMR and compared to that of humic matter isolated before from the same river at a non-polluted site and a site very contaminated with the effluent of a sulphite pulp mill. The results put into evidence that the organic matter from both kinds of effluent is more aromatic and contains more lignin derived structural units than the humic matter from the unpolluted site. However, the organic matter from the sulphite pulp mill effluent is more soluble due to its content of sulphonic functional groups.     

Studies related to biological detoxification of kraft pulp mill effluent. V. The synthesis of 12- and 14-chlorodehydroabietic acids and 12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acid,fish-toxic diterpenes from kraft pulp mill effluent

An improved synthesis of the isomeric 12- and 14-chlorodehydroabietic acids ( 3 and 2 , respectively) and 12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acid ( 4 ) is described. The monochioro isomers were conveniently separated as the imidazole derivatives, and conversion of the latter to the free acids or their corresponding methyl esters could be achieved in high yield. Studies involving microbial degradation of 2–4 are underway.     

Heterocyclic N-Glycosides. VI. The reaction of glycosyl azides with propiolic acid and methyl propiolate

The synthesis of a series of N-glycosyl-v-triazoles has been accomplished by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of several glycosyl azides to methyl propiolate and propiolic acid. In most of the cases the two isomeric v-triazoles were obtained. Structural and anomeric configuration assignments for the N-glycosides obtained were made on the basis of NMR data. None of the compounds possessed appreciable biological activity against HeLa cells in culture and mouse Sarcoma 180.     

Distribution of Pu(VI) from nitric acid to tri-n-butyl phosphate saturated with uranium(VI)

Solvent extraction of plutonium(VI) from nitric acid (1 to 5M) into 20% and 30% TBP in dodecane saturated with uranium(VI) (0% to 80%) has been studied. For a particular nitric acid concentration, the distribution coefficient (K _d ) is found to decrease with the increase in saturation of organic phase with uranium(VI). At a fixed organic phase the saturationK _d increased with increase in nitric acid concentration, however, the magnitude of this increase inK _d decreased with the increase in saturation.     

Photochromism in Bianthrone and Related Compounds. Part VI. The structure of the photocromic isomers of bianthrones

The cyclic structure III is assigned to the C photochromic isomer of 1, 8′-dimethylbianthrones on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence. Similar considerations indicate that this does not apply to the B photoisomers of bianthrones.     

Studies on Agarofurans VI. The Introduction of Substituents to C-1 and C-2 Positions of Agarofurans

Agarofurans have been found to be active on the nervous system in our institute. Since no member of natural agarofurans has C-1 or C-2 substituents, we decided to synthesize ketone 1 and 2, for the convenience of further modification.Our synthetic design for ketone 1, outlined in Scheme 1, was to employ β-epoxide 3 as starting material. Reaction of epoxide 3 with CH3MgI cooled with ice-bath afforded alcohol 4 in 50% yield and reductive product 5 in 40% yield. The structure of 5 has been de…     

Chromium(VI) oxide catalyzed oxidation of sulfides to sulfones with periodic acid

A highly efficient and selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfones with periodic acid catalyzed by CrO(3) is described. A variety of electron-rich and electron-deficient sulfides were oxidized to sulfones with 2 mol % CrO(3) in acetonitrile at room temperature in excellent yields. Sulfides with other readily oxidized functional groups were selectively oxidized to sulfones in high yields with 10 mol % CrO(3) in ethyl acetate/acetonitrile at -35 degrees C.     

Novel chromium(VI) catalyzed oxidation of N-alkylamides to imides with periodic acid

A novel and practical procedure for preparation of imides is described using chromium(VI) oxide to catalyze the oxidation of N-alkylamides with periodic acid in the presence of acetic anhydride in acetonitrile.     

Chromium(VI) oxide-mediated oxidation of polyalkyl-polypyridines to polypyridine-polycarboxylic acids with periodic acid

4,4′-Dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine was synthesized quantitatively by chromium(VI) oxide-mediated oxidation of 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine or 4,4′-diethyl-2,2′-bipyridine with periodic acid as the terminal oxidant in sulfuric acid. 5,5′-Dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine and 6,6’-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine were also synthesized by the method from the corresponding dimethyl bipyridines in excellent yields. 4,4′,4″-Tricarboxy-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine was obtained in 80% yield from 4,4′,4″-triethyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, and 4,4′,4″,4′″-tetracarboxy-2,2′:6′,2″:6″,2′″-quaterpyridine was obtained in 72% yield from 4,4′,4″,4′″-tetraethyl-2,2′:6′,2″:6″,2′″-quaterpyridine by the same procedure.     

Studies on pyrazines. 12 . N-oxidation of aminopyrazines with m-chloroperbenzoic acid

N-Oxidation reactions of 2-aminopyrazines, substituted by methyl or phenyl groups at C-3 or C-5, with m-chloroperbenzoic acid were undertaken to obtain the 2-aminopyrazine 1-oxides.     

N.m.r. studies of complexes of molybdenum(VI) with tartaric acid in aqueous solution

Summary Complex formation between molybdate ions and R,R-(+)-tartaric acid has been studied in aqueous solution, and to a limited extent in DMSO, over a range of concentrations and pH at 298K, using¹H and¹³C n.m.r. techniques. Only four main species are evident; two, which have Mo: L ratios of 11 and 12, are bondedvia a carboxylic oxygen atom and an adjacent hydroxyl oxygen atom. The 12 species forms stereospecifically. The other two main species contain bridging tartaric acid molecules, and a 22 species, also formed stereo-specifically in solution, have been isolated and characterised in the solid state. A limited number of experiments with racemic acid and meso-tartaric acid indicate that only a few species are formed in these systems and with a good deal of stereospecificity also.