Michael reaction,VI. Effect of carbonyl compounds on the stereochemistry and mechanism of the reaction

Zusammenfassung Die Stereochemie einer zweistufigen Gleichgewichts-Michael-Reaktion zwischen Dialkylamiden der Phenylessigsäure und Methylestern oder Dialkylamiden der Zimtsäure wird von den neutralen Carbonylverbindungen stark beeinflußt. Dieser Effekt kann mit der Zerstörung einer intramolekularen Chelatstruktur des Addukts und der darauffolgenden Bildung einer offenen Metallform mit einem dem neutralen Addukt ähnlichenerythro-threo-Verhältnis erklärt werden. Die Zunahme der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit des Reaktionsgemisches stützt diese Vorstellung.Es wird ein über das Chelat verlaufender Mechanismus im nichtpolaren Medium postuliert. Dieser Mechanismus ist in guter Übereinstimmung sowohl mit der geringen Stereoselektivität (bei kinetischer Kontrolle) als auch mit dem Einfluß der Lösungsmittel auf die Stereochemie.

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Michael reaction, VI. Effect of carbonyl compounds on the stereochemistry and mechanism of the reaction

The equilibrium stereochemical result of the two-stepMichael reaction between phenylacetic acid dialkylamides and methyl cinnamate or cinnamic acid dialkylamides is affected by the neutral carbonyl compounds taking part in the synthesis. This effect is explained by breakdown of the intramolecular chelate structure of the reaction adduct and appearance of an open metal form with isomeric partitioning close to that of the neutral adduct. This is further supported by the increased electroconductivity of the reaction mixtures. A chelate mechanism for the reaction in nonpolar medium is postulated which is in good agreement with the low stereoselectivity under kinetic conditions as well as with the effect of the polarity of the solvent on the kinetic stereochemical result.

     

用固体碱催化Michael加成反应的研究

Different Michael addition reactions catalyzed by solid base K2O/γ-Al2O3 and KF/γ-Al2O3, MgO/γ-Al2O3 prepared by microwave irradiation method were reported in this paper. For the K2O/γ-Al2O3, not only good yield was attained but also made the reaction of Acetonitrile that usually is regarded as inactive carbonion and α, β-unsatumted compound to carry out. The yield of Michael reaction of Ethyl acetoacetate and Crotonaldehyde catalyzed by KF/γ-Al2O3, MgO/γ-Al2O3, MgO/NaY all could reach to 80% and the latter could reach to 90%. At the same time, the catalysts of different content(the ratio of load) of MgO were also applied in this reaction, and it was found that the best content of MgO was 20% ～ 25%。     

平面型四核铜簇合物Cu4(CH2XMen)4桥键性质的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函B3LYP方法，用LanL2DZ和6—31G^＊基组分别优化了平面型四核铜簇合物Cu4（CH2SiMe3）4和Cu4（CH2XMe2）4（X=P，As）的几何构型，并对B3LYP／LanL2DZ方法优化的结构进行了红外振动频率计算和自然键轨道分析．结果表明，簇合物均呈笼状结构，Cu—C—Cu三中心桥键之间电子的离域增强了Cu簇合物的稳定性，配位C原子的C—H平伏键与C—Cu配位键之间存在σ-超共轭效应．     

Mononuclear rearrangement of heterocycles in ionic liquids catalyzed by copper(II) salts

The reactivity of E- and Z-phenylhydrazones of 3-benzoyl-5-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole in the presence of CuCl₂ and Cu(ClO₄)₂·6H₂O has been studied in four imidazolium ionic liquids [bmim][X] (X=BF₄⁻, PF₆⁻, SbF₆⁻ and CF₃SO₃⁻). The reaction may follow different mechanistic patterns, depending on the nature of the ionic liquid anion, accounting for both qualitative and kinetic data. In the presence of CuCl₂, two processes take place at the same time, i.e., the E?Z isomerization and the rearrangement of Z-isomer into the relevant 4-benzoylamino-2,5-diphenyl-1,2,3-triazole. In contrast, in the presence of Cu(ClO₄)₂·6H₂O, the rearrangement occurs only in solution of [bmim][BF₄] and [bmim][CF₃SO₃]. Collected data show that the effect of the ionic liquid on the isomerization and the rearrangement is different. In particular, a higher cross-linking degree seems to favour the triazole, but disfavour the E?Z isomerization.     

光合反应中心原初电子转移机理的理论研究

用量子化学密度泛函B3LYP方法在3-21G水平上计算细菌光合反应中心原初电子给体P960和绿色植物PSⅡ光合反应中心原初电子给体P680的电子结构,然后研究轴向配位的组氨酸残基和周围蛋白质环境的影响,最后探讨其原初电子转移机理。计算结果表明：(1)细菌光合作用反应中心原初电子给体P960-h的HOMO主要是由与M分支相连的组成单元上原子的原子轨道组成,而它的LUMO则两个组成单元上原子的原子轨道都有贡献;PSⅡ反应中心中原初电子给体P680的HOMO和LUMO均主要由与D1蛋白相连的组成单元上原子的原子轨道组成。这些计算结果能够从反应中心最核心的部分-原初电子给体的电子结构方面解释Rps.uiridis反应中心和PSⅡ反应中心原初电子转移只沿一个分支进行的的途径选择性。(2)虽然与细菌反应中心原初电子给体超分子P960的两个细菌叶绿素分子形成轴向配位的组氨酸残基His并未参与超分子P960-h的HOMO和LUMO的组成,但是由于其轴向配位,使得P960-h的ELUMO显著地升高到高于辅助细菌叶绿素和去镁细菌叶绿素的相应值,使得原初电子转移反应能够顺利进行。否则原初电子转移反应很难进行。PSⅡ反应中心的情况,与细菌反应中心十分相似。(3)细菌反应中心辅助细菌叶绿素(ABChlb)中的Mg离子与最近的组氨酸残基His中的N原子的距离和原初电子给体P960中的相应的Mg-N的距离相似,因此同样应该考虑此轴向配位的组氨酸残基,此时原初电子转移反应是沿L分支从P960-h经ABChlb到去镁细菌叶绿素(BPheob)的两步电子转移过程。而PSⅡ反应中心的辅助叶绿素不存在His的轴向配位,这应是与细菌反应中心的重要区别之一,此时原初电子转移应是沿Dl分支从P680-h到Pheoa的一步电子转移过程,但同时也不能完全排除从P680-h到AChla到Pheoa的二步电子转移过程。     

A DFT study on the mechanism of the gas phase reaction of ground-state Y (4d5s,D) with 2-butyne

The reaction of ground-state Y with 2-butyne has been investigated in detail using B3LYP method. Four pathways for elimination of H₂ were identified. Two isomers, Y(HCCC)CH₃ and Y(H₂CCCCH₂) were assigned to the observed product, YC₄H₄. The calculated PESs suggest that the concerted H₂-elimination leading to Y(H₂CCCCH₂) + H₂ product is the most favorable pathway. For the elimination of CH₃, combining the results of this work with our previous study on Y + propyne reaction, a general mechanism for the reactions of Y with 2-alkynes bearing RCCCH₃ structure was established: Y + RCCCH₃ → π-complex → TS(H-migration) → HY(CH₂CC)R → TS (CC insertion) → (CH₂)HYCCR → TS(H-migration) → H₃CYCCR → CH₃ + YC₂R. Such mechanism was found to be always energetically more favorable than the direct sp–sp³ CC bond insertion mechanism. Further, such mechanism can also be applied to the elimination of CH₄ and it can be described as: Y + CH₃CCCH₃ → π-complex → TS (H-migration) → HY(H₂CCC)CH₃ → TS(CC insertion) → (H₂CCC)HYCH₃ → TS(H-migration) → CH₄ + YC₃H₂.     

Efficient asymmetric Michael reaction of 2-oxindole-3-carboxylate esters with maleimides catalyzed by cinchonidine

A highly efficient enantioselective Michael reaction of 2-oxindole-3-carboxylate esters with N-maleimides catalyzed by commercially available cinchonidine was described. The desired adducts, containing a quaternary center at the C3-position and a vicinal tertiary center, were obtained in excellent yields (up to 99%), good enantioselectivities (up to 85% ee), and diastereoselectivities (dr>90:10) in the presence of 0.05–5 mol % catalyst loading.     

1,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) catalyzed Michael reactions

1,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), a bicyclic guanidine base, has been found to be an excellent catalyst for Michael and Michael-type reactions. A wide variety of Michael donors and acceptors can participate in these reactions using 10-20 mol % of TDB. These reactions are mild, fast, easy to perform, produce excellent yields and can occur in several solvents without the need for strictly anhydrous conditions.     

Pdn(n=2～13)团簇的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法计算并讨论钯原子团簇Pdn(n=2～13)结构模型.通过对钯原子团簇进行几何构型优化和振动频率计算,找出团簇总能量最低的同分异构体.由于Jahn-Teller效应的存在,团簇的最稳定结构采取对称性较低的几何构型.在钯原子数相同时,往往存在多个能量极为相近的稳定构型.单位原子平均静态极化率呈奇偶变化.     

A development of a reusable copper supported imidazolium functionalized ionic liquid catalyzed asymmetric Michael addition reaction

An eco-friendly copper supported Imidazolium functionalized ionic liquid [[Gmim]Cl–Cu (II)] used as green catalyst in solvent free asymmetric Michael addition at 25^OC. This technique covers simplified product isolation, high conversion and catalyst recycling.     

Chiral binuclear copper(II) catalyzed nitroaldol reaction: scope and mechanism

Chiral binuclear copper(II) Schiff base complexes 4a-g have been prepared from aldehydes 1a,b, (S)-amino alcohols 2a-f, and Cu(OAc)₂·1H₂O in high yield. Their catalysis is studied for the addition of nitroalkanes to aldehydes at ambient conditions with 76:24 er.     

Michael reaction of 1,3-dicarbonyls with enones catalyzed by a hydroxyapatite-bound La complex

A hydroxyapatite-bound La complex, which functioned as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the Michael reaction of 1,3-dicarbonyls with enones under aqueous or solvent-free conditions, was prepared using a cation-exchange method. Further application to an asymmetric version by a fluoroapatite-bound La complex catalyst modified with (R,R)-tartaric acid is also described.     

Enantioselective copper(II)‐catalyzed Henry reaction utilizing chiral aziridinyl alcohols

A family of enantiopure β‐aminoalcohols based on aziridine backbones were synthesized, and examined as chiral ligands for the copper(II)‐catalyzed asymmetric Henry reaction of aromatic aldehydes with nitromethane, giving β‐nitroalcohols in excellent yields (up to 93%) and moderate to good enantioselectivities (up to 82%). Moreover, possible transition states of the reaction are proposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Methyl and methane elimination in the gas phase reaction of zirconium atom with 2-butyne: A DFT study

<正>The mechanisms for CH_3- and CH_4-elimination in the gas phase reaction of ground-state Zr with 2-butyne has been investigated in detail using B3LYP method.For the elimination of CH_3,two mechanisms which are similar to those previously found for the reactions of Y and Zr with propyne are identified.The mechanism for the elimination of CH_4 was revealed as:Zr + CH_3C≡CCH_3→π-complex→TS(H-migration)→HZr-(H_2CCC)-CH_3→TS(C-C insertion)→(H_2CCC)-HZr-CH_3→TS(H-migration)→CH_4+ ZrC_3H_2.     

Nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes of allyl 2-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)hydrazinecarbodithioate: synthesis,X-ray crystal structures,and theoretical study

We report allyl 2-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)hydrazine-carbodithioate (HL) and its Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes, [ML₂]. The compounds were fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H-NMR, UV-Vis, and molar conductivity. The crystal structure analysis indicates that the metal is four-coordinate square planar and that a parallel stacking of the molecular planes is present in the crystals, with stacking distances of 3.642 and 3.676?Å for the Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes, respectively. Gas phase DFT computations indicate that the thione tautomeric form of the free ligand is more stable than the thiol form by 14.52?kJ?mol^–1. For HL and ML₂, comparison between the computed and experimental data shows good agreement.     

Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of(CH_3)_3CO+CO

The global environment pollution includes pho-tochemical smog, acid rain and stratospheric ozonedepletion. The short-lived species/radicals in atmos-phere are closely related to these phenomena. Theshort-lived species/radicals bring the photochemicalsmog,…     

Highly active Pd(II) catalysts with pyridylbenzoimidazole ligands for the Heck reaction

The air-, and thermo-stable palladium(II) complexes C1-C10 are prepared by the reaction of PdCl₂(CH₃CN)₂ with pyridylbenzoimidazole. With various substituents on the pyridine ring, palladium atom was coordinated by two pyridylbenzoimidazole molecules via nitrogen atoms of benzoimidazole. The structure of complexes C3, C4, C6, and C7 has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Without substituents on the pyridine ring, palladium atom was directly coordinated with two nitrogen atoms of pyridine and benzoimidazole nitrogen via intramolecular chelation (C10). These complexes performed the Heck olefination of aryl bromides in a good to high yield under phosphine-free conditions.     

金属富氮化合物N3MN3(M=Be, Mg, Ca)的量子化学研究

使用密度泛函理论，在B3LYP／6—311＋G^＊水平上，对金属富氮化合物N3MN3（M=Be，Mg，Ca）的两种几何结构进行了理论计算，并对得到的几何结构做了振动频率分析．结果表明，所有几何结构的振动频率都是正的，没有虚频存在，说明这类金属富氮化合物是热力学稳定的，当嵌入金属离子后，M—N之间开始表现出显著的离子性特征，由线形N3某团组成的N3MN3比由三角形N3某团组成的N3MN3更稳定．     

Sustainable domino Michael reaction catalyzed by a Brønsted base on silica gel: synthesis of bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,5-dione derivatives

Domino Michael reactions of oxophorone and its derivatives 4 with Michael partners 3 have been effected to give bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,5-dione derivatives 7 by a catalytic amount of a Brønsted base (NMAP-Li) generated from N-methylaminopropylated silica gel (NMAP) and n-BuLi. The NMAP pellets were efficiently reused up to six times in 86% average yield.     

Thionium ion promoted Michael acceptor: a sequence of Pummerer/Michael reactions for the stereoselective synthesis of 5-(1-(arylthio)vinyl)-oxazolines

The synthesis of polysubstituted oxazolines is of great interest due to the synthetic and pharmaceutical importance. We developed a sequence of Pummerer/Michael reactions for the stereoselective synthesis of 5-(1-(arylthio)vinyl)-oxazolines.